Use 67227 for extensive or progressive retinopathy treated with cryotherapy or diathermy. Use 67228 when photocoagulation is the treatment method.
On this page
CMS RVU26D · Effective 2026-10-01
67227 in Modesto
Office / nonfacility
$311.21
Base rate per service
Facility setting
$221.89
Base rate per service
Amounts below use the non-QP conversion factor for participating physicians. These are base physician payments before claim-level adjustments, not patient costs or total hospital charges.
Ophthalmology
About 67227: Extensive retinopathy destruction by cryotherapy
Reports cryotherapy or diathermy to destroy extensive or progressive retinal disease, such as diabetic retinopathy, when that treatment method is used.
An ophthalmologist, often a retina specialist, uses cryotherapy or diathermy to treat extensive or progressive retinopathy. A typical clinical context is widespread diabetic retinal disease requiring destructive treatment rather than treatment of a single discrete retinal lesion. The service may be performed in an office-based or facility setting, depending on the care provided.
Choose this code based on the disease extent and the destructive method documented; laser photocoagulation for extensive retinopathy is represented by a separate code. The record should identify the treated eye, the retinopathy and its extent or progression, and the method used. CMS assigns a 10-day global period, so related postoperative visits during those 10 days are included. For bilateral treatment reported with modifier 50, CMS pays 150%. When multiple procedures are performed in one session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and the others at 50%. Assistant-at-surgery payment is restricted; co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.
CMS billing rules for 67227
- Global period
- Minor procedure with a 10-day global period: related postoperative visits for 10 days are included.
- Multiple procedures
- Standard multiple procedure reduction: the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and others at 50% when performed in the same session.
- Bilateral procedures
- Bilateral procedure with modifier 50 is paid at 150%.
- Assistant at surgery
- Statutory restriction: assistant at surgery is not paid.
- Co-surgeons
- Co-surgeons not permitted.
- Team surgery
- Team surgery not permitted.
Where the value comes from
- Work RVU3.41 · 38%
- Practice expense (office) RVU5.21 · 59%
- Malpractice RVU0.26 · 3%
52
Medicare services in 2024 · #5337 by national volume
This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.
67227 compared with similar codes
Office rates for Modesto, from the same CMS release.
This code concerns extensive or progressive retinopathy treated with cryotherapy or diathermy; 67208 is for treatment of a retinal lesion with those methods.
Code 67229 is specific to extensive or progressive retinopathy in a premature infant. Code 67227 is not the infant-specific retinopathy code.
The same code, a different location
How does Modesto compare?
In Bakersfield, the office rate for 67227 is $312.07—$0.86 higher than the $311.21 rate in Modesto. Both use the same code, release and participation basis.
67227 across payment areas
Same release and payment basis · bars start at $0
Modesto · This locality
$311.21
$312.07
$0.86 higher than Modesto
$311.21
The same base rate than Modesto
$311.26
$0.05 higher than Modesto
$311.21
The same base rate than Modesto
$311.21
The same base rate than Modesto
$18.99 higher than Modesto
Other payment areas listed in California appear first, followed by selected cross-country examples. The chart compares amounts, not distance.
Across 109 of 109 CMS payment localities with a supported office rate, 67227 ranges from $267.85 in Arkansas to $382.02 in San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara (San Benito Cnty). This is a geographic range, not an average.
The code’s RVUs stay the same in these comparisons. Geographic adjustments to work, practice expense and malpractice change the dollar amount. A city name alone may not identify the payment area for a service address.
Compare all 108 other payment areas
Madera
California · 67227
Office
$311.21
Facility
$221.89
The same base rate than Modesto for the office setting.
Merced
California · 67227
Office
$311.21
Facility
$221.89
The same base rate than Modesto for the office setting.
Napa
California · 67227
Office
$354.84
Facility
$247.43
$43.63 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura
California · 67227
Office
$328.19
Facility
$231.86
$16.98 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Redding
California · 67227
Office
$311.21
Facility
$221.89
The same base rate than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of California
California · 67227
Office
$311.21
Facility
$221.89
The same base rate than Modesto for the office setting.
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario
California · 67227
Office
$314.08
Facility
$224.76
$2.87 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom
California · 67227
Office
$325.04
Facility
$230.25
$13.83 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Salinas
California · 67227
Office
$323.77
Facility
$229.31
$12.56 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad
California · 67227
Office
$330.15
Facility
$232.68
$18.94 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley (Marin Cnty)
California · 67227
Office
$374.07
Facility
$259.16
$62.86 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley (San Francisco/San Mateo/Alameda/Contra Costa Cnty)
California · 67227
Office
$373.77
Facility
$258.86
$62.56 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara (San Benito Cnty)
California · 67227
Office
$382.02
Facility
$264.50
$70.81 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara (Santa Clara Cnty)
California · 67227
Office
$380.81
Facility
$263.29
$69.60 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles
California · 67227
Office
$318.70
Facility
$225.87
$7.49 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Santa Cruz-Watsonville
California · 67227
Office
$332.38
Facility
$233.36
$21.17 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara
California · 67227
Office
$324.65
Facility
$229.62
$13.44 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Santa Rosa-Petaluma
California · 67227
Office
$335.66
Facility
$235.58
$24.45 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Stockton
California · 67227
Office
$311.21
Facility
$221.89
The same base rate than Modesto for the office setting.
Vallejo
California · 67227
Office
$354.42
Facility
$247.00
$43.21 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Visalia
California · 67227
Office
$311.21
Facility
$221.89
The same base rate than Modesto for the office setting.
Yuba City
California · 67227
Office
$311.21
Facility
$221.89
The same base rate than Modesto for the office setting.
Dc + Md/Va Suburbs
District of Columbia · 67227
Office
$334.71
Facility
$238.70
$23.50 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Miami
Florida · 67227
Office
$317.01
Facility
$232.17
$5.80 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Chicago
Illinois · 67227
Office
$309.51
Facility
$227.61
$1.70 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Manhattan
New York · 67227
Office
$337.17
Facility
$242.47
$25.96 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Alaska*
Alaska · 67227
Office
$360.96
Facility
$274.16
$49.75 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Alabama
Alabama · 67227
Office
$271.08
Facility
$199.77
$40.13 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Arkansas
Arkansas · 67227
Office
$267.85
Facility
$197.84
$43.36 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Arizona
Arizona · 67227
Office
$289.95
Facility
$210.98
$21.26 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Colorado
Colorado · 67227
Office
$307.20
Facility
$220.49
$4.01 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Connecticut
Connecticut · 67227
Office
$314.10
Facility
$226.33
$2.89 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Delaware
Delaware · 67227
Office
$294.20
Facility
$213.68
$17.01 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Fort Lauderdale
Florida · 67227
Office
$305.88
Facility
$223.32
$5.33 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Florida
Florida · 67227
Office
$293.31
Facility
$215.40
$17.90 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Atlanta
Georgia · 67227
Office
$301.47
Facility
$218.67
$9.74 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Georgia
Georgia · 67227
Office
$279.47
Facility
$206.78
$31.74 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Hawaii, Guam
Hawaii · 67227
Office
$316.78
Facility
$224.12
$5.57 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Iowa
Iowa · 67227
Office
$276.57
Facility
$202.00
$34.64 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Idaho
Idaho · 67227
Office
$278.10
Facility
$203.12
$33.11 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
East St. Louis
Illinois · 67227
Office
$291.48
Facility
$216.51
$19.73 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Illinois
Illinois · 67227
Office
$286.35
Facility
$211.94
$24.86 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Suburban Chicago
Illinois · 67227
Office
$308.80
Facility
$225.10
$2.41 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Indiana
Indiana · 67227
Office
$279.43
Facility
$203.88
$31.78 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Kansas
Kansas · 67227
Office
$275.59
Facility
$201.91
$35.62 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Kentucky
Kentucky · 67227
Office
$276.55
Facility
$204.09
$34.66 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
New Orleans
Louisiana · 67227
Office
$287.51
Facility
$210.82
$23.70 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Louisiana
Louisiana · 67227
Office
$276.22
Facility
$204.10
$34.99 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Metropolitan Boston
Massachusetts · 67227
Office
$334.07
Facility
$236.77
$22.86 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Massachusetts
Massachusetts · 67227
Office
$305.88
Facility
$220.06
$5.33 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Baltimore/Surr. Cntys
Maryland · 67227
Office
$313.18
Facility
$225.74
$1.97 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Maryland
Maryland · 67227
Office
$299.12
Facility
$216.64
$12.09 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Maine
Maine · 67227
Office
$279.40
Facility
$204.42
$31.81 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Southern Maine
Maine · 67227
Office
$291.83
Facility
$211.06
$19.38 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Detroit
Michigan · 67227
Office
$296.47
Facility
$217.82
$14.74 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Michigan
Michigan · 67227
Office
$282.58
Facility
$208.17
$28.63 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Minnesota
Minnesota · 67227
Office
$295.53
Facility
$211.67
$15.68 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Metropolitan Kansas City
Missouri · 67227
Office
$285.79
Facility
$209.26
$25.42 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Metropolitan St. Louis
Missouri · 67227
Office
$288.26
Facility
$210.68
$22.95 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Missouri
Missouri · 67227
Office
$272.36
Facility
$202.11
$38.85 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Mississippi
Mississippi · 67227
Office
$270.14
Facility
$199.97
$41.07 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Montana**
Montana · 67227
Office
$296.58
Facility
$215.08
$14.63 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
North Carolina
North Carolina · 67227
Office
$281.81
Facility
$205.77
$29.40 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
North Dakota**
North Dakota · 67227
Office
$291.44
Facility
$209.94
$19.77 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Nebraska
Nebraska · 67227
Office
$277.80
Facility
$202.58
$33.41 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire · 67227
Office
$302.65
Facility
$217.81
$8.56 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Northern Nj
New Jersey · 67227
Office
$332.21
Facility
$237.67
$21.00 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of New Jersey
New Jersey · 67227
Office
$318.01
Facility
$229.01
$6.80 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
New Mexico
New Mexico · 67227
Office
$283.90
Facility
$209.17
$27.31 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Nevada**
Nevada · 67227
Office
$295.32
Facility
$213.74
$15.89 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Nyc Suburbs/Long Island
New York · 67227
Office
$344.22
Facility
$247.32
$33.01 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Poughkpsie/N Nyc Suburbs
New York · 67227
Office
$320.08
Facility
$230.84
$8.87 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Queens
New York · 67227
Office
$339.40
Facility
$243.07
$28.19 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of New York
New York · 67227
Office
$285.32
Facility
$207.90
$25.89 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Ohio
Ohio · 67227
Office
$281.53
Facility
$207.12
$29.68 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Oklahoma
Oklahoma · 67227
Office
$276.04
Facility
$203.27
$35.17 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Portland
Oregon · 67227
Office
$315.52
Facility
$224.97
$4.31 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Oregon
Oregon · 67227
Office
$293.32
Facility
$212.15
$17.89 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Metropolitan Philadelphia
Pennsylvania · 67227
Office
$307.46
Facility
$222.62
$3.75 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania · 67227
Office
$281.85
Facility
$207.04
$29.36 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico · 67227
Office
$298.38
Facility
$215.99
$12.83 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island · 67227
Office
$303.57
Facility
$219.38
$7.64 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
South Carolina
South Carolina · 67227
Office
$282.07
Facility
$206.77
$29.14 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
South Dakota**
South Dakota · 67227
Office
$290.83
Facility
$209.34
$20.38 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Tennessee
Tennessee · 67227
Office
$276.74
Facility
$202.66
$34.47 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Austin
Texas · 67227
Office
$305.93
Facility
$219.71
$5.28 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Beaumont
Texas · 67227
Office
$280.32
Facility
$206.16
$30.89 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Brazoria
Texas · 67227
Office
$294.03
Facility
$213.27
$17.18 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Dallas
Texas · 67227
Office
$295.70
Facility
$214.52
$15.51 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Fort Worth
Texas · 67227
Office
$294.07
Facility
$213.71
$17.14 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Galveston
Texas · 67227
Office
$294.80
Facility
$213.87
$16.41 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Houston
Texas · 67227
Office
$299.56
Facility
$218.63
$11.65 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Texas
Texas · 67227
Office
$286.88
Facility
$209.54
$24.33 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Utah
Utah · 67227
Office
$285.27
Facility
$208.66
$25.94 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Virginia
Virginia · 67227
Office
$291.09
Facility
$210.98
$20.12 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Virgin Islands
United States Virgin Islands · 67227
Office
$298.38
Facility
$215.99
$12.83 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Vermont
Vermont · 67227
Office
$290.57
Facility
$209.89
$20.64 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Rest Of Washington
Washington · 67227
Office
$305.23
Facility
$219.41
$5.98 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Seattle (King Cnty)
Washington · 67227
Office
$340.21
Facility
$240.21
$29.00 higher than Modesto for the office setting.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin · 67227
Office
$283.28
Facility
$205.21
$27.93 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
West Virginia
West Virginia · 67227
Office
$277.55
Facility
$206.72
$33.66 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
Wyoming**
Wyoming · 67227
Office
$294.34
Facility
$212.84
$16.87 lower than Modesto for the office setting.
See how rates vary across the country
67227 · Office / nonfacility · Non-QP. Choose a state to explore its payment localities. A range means the amount varies within that state.
Explore a state
Local rates. Clear comparisons.
Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.
$267.85
$360.96
Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.
View all state and territory rates as a table
| State / territory | Rate range | Localities |
|---|---|---|
| AK | $360.96 | 1 |
| AL | $271.08 | 1 |
| AR | $267.85 | 1 |
| AZ | $289.95 | 1 |
| CA | $311.21–$382.02 | 29 |
| CO | $307.20 | 1 |
| CT | $314.10 | 1 |
| DC | $334.71 | 1 |
| DE | $294.20 | 1 |
| FL | $293.31–$317.01 | 3 |
| GA | $279.47–$301.47 | 2 |
| GU | $316.78 | 1 |
| HI | $316.78 | 1 |
| IA | $276.57 | 1 |
| ID | $278.10 | 1 |
| IL | $286.35–$309.51 | 4 |
| IN | $279.43 | 1 |
| KS | $275.59 | 1 |
| KY | $276.55 | 1 |
| LA | $276.22–$287.51 | 2 |
| MA | $305.88–$334.07 | 2 |
| MD | $299.12–$334.71 | 3 |
| ME | $279.40–$291.83 | 2 |
| MI | $282.58–$296.47 | 2 |
| MN | $295.53 | 1 |
| MO | $272.36–$288.26 | 3 |
| MS | $270.14 | 1 |
| MT | $296.58 | 1 |
| NC | $281.81 | 1 |
| ND | $291.44 | 1 |
| NE | $277.80 | 1 |
| NH | $302.65 | 1 |
| NJ | $318.01–$332.21 | 2 |
| NM | $283.90 | 1 |
| NV | $295.32 | 1 |
| NY | $285.32–$344.22 | 5 |
| OH | $281.53 | 1 |
| OK | $276.04 | 1 |
| OR | $293.32–$315.52 | 2 |
| PA | $281.85–$307.46 | 2 |
| PR | $298.38 | 1 |
| RI | $303.57 | 1 |
| SC | $282.07 | 1 |
| SD | $290.83 | 1 |
| TN | $276.74 | 1 |
| TX | $280.32–$305.93 | 8 |
| UT | $285.27 | 1 |
| VA | $291.09–$334.71 | 2 |
| VI | $298.38 | 1 |
| VT | $290.57 | 1 |
| WA | $305.23–$340.21 | 2 |
| WI | $283.28 | 1 |
| WV | $277.55 | 1 |
| WY | $294.34 | 1 |
Where does this rate apply?
Modesto is a Medicare payment area. Our Census mapping connects it to 33 cities and communities in California, including the examples shown here.
Some communities span more than one payment area. Follow a city link to compare all of its mapped areas, or check the service-location ZIP above for an address-level starting point.
Why are the office and facility amounts different?
For 67227 in Modesto, the physician’s office rate is $311.21 and the facility-setting rate is $221.89: a difference of $89.32.
The calculation uses a different practice-expense RVU for each setting. Both amounts here are physician fee-schedule amounts. The facility figure does not include a hospital’s separate charges, so this comparison does not tell you the total cost of receiving care in each setting.
Use this rate
What is a percentage of Medicare worth?
Turn a percentage into dollars for 67227 in Modesto. This uses the base rate on this page, so the locality and release stay consistent.
Reference amount per service
$342.33
$311.21 × 110% = $342.33
A contract may specify another Medicare year or additional adjustments. This is percentage arithmetic on the displayed base rate, not a claim adjudication.
Working with a whole code list?
Compare an offer across your annual code mix, including an older Medicare schedule or flat per-code rates.
How this local rate is calculated
Each RVU component is multiplied by its own geographic practice cost index (GPCI). The three adjusted components are added, then multiplied by the conversion factor. These are the inputs used for 67227 in Modesto.
PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv
7,447
- Code
- 67227
- Physician work
- 3.41
- Practice expense
- 5.21
- Malpractice
- 0.26
GPCI2026.csv
16
- Locality
- Modesto
- Physician work
- 1.017
- Practice expense
- 1.096
- Malpractice
- 0.536
| Component | RVU | Locality factor | Adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physician work | 3.41 | × 1.017 | 3.4680 |
| Practice expense | 5.21 | × 1.096 | 5.7102 |
| Malpractice | 0.26 | × 0.536 | 0.1394 |
| Total RVUs | 9.3175 | ||
| Conversion factor | × 33.4009 | ||
Office / nonfacility rate, Modesto$311.21
Open 67227 in the RVU calculator →
Explore RVUs, geographic factors and the full formula
Office / nonfacility
| Component | RVU | Local GPCI |
|---|---|---|
| Work | 3.41 | 1.017 |
| Practice expense | 5.21 | 1.096 |
| Malpractice | 0.26 | 0.536 |
(3.41 × 1.017 + 5.21 × 1.096 + 0.26 × 0.536) × $33.4009 = $311.21
Facility
| Component | RVU | Local GPCI |
|---|---|---|
| Work | 3.41 | 1.017 |
| Practice expense | 2.77 | 1.096 |
| Malpractice | 0.26 | 0.536 |
(3.41 × 1.017 + 2.77 × 1.096 + 0.26 × 0.536) × $33.4009 = $221.89
The office and facility calculations use their respective practice-expense RVUs. The facility amount here is the physician fee, not a separate hospital or facility bill.
How this rate has changed
67227 · Office / nonfacility
$311.21
Effective 2026-10-01
The base rate is $14.92 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $296.29 to $311.21 (5.0%).
It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.
One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.
What changed, release by release
January 1, 2026
RVU26A
$296.29changed to$311.21
- Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
- Work RVU 3.50 changed to 3.41
- Practice expense RVU 4.99 changed to 5.21
- Malpractice RVU 0.28 changed to 0.26
- Work GPCI 1.014 changed to 1.017
- Practice expense GPCI 1.093 changed to 1.096
- Malpractice GPCI 0.560 changed to 0.536
Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.
January 1, 2025
RVU25A
Earliest loaded release: $296.29
Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.
Explore release dates and calculate this code in an earlier period →
Each row uses the accepted CMS release effective on that date and the same contractor and locality identifiers. Missing rates stay visible. Historical boundaries may differ; verify the service address for an older claim.
Inspect every release and its CMS source
67227 billing questions
How does this code differ from 67228?
Both address extensive or progressive retinopathy, but 67227 is for cryotherapy or diathermy. Code 67228 is used when the treatment is photocoagulation.
Can this code be used for a single retinal lesion?
It is intended for extensive or progressive retinopathy, not treatment of a discrete retinal lesion. Codes 67208 and 67210 describe retinal-lesion treatment using different methods.
Are postoperative visits separately reported during the global period?
Related postoperative visits during the 10-day global period are included in this procedure.
How is bilateral treatment handled?
CMS recognizes this as a bilateral procedure; treatment of both eyes reported with modifier 50 is paid at 150%.
What happens when another procedure is performed in the same session?
Under the standard multiple procedure reduction, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and the other procedures are paid at 50%.
What documentation supports reporting this code?
Document the diagnosis and extent or progression of the retinopathy, the eye treated, and use of cryotherapy or diathermy.
Where these rates come from
FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense, and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indices and the applicable conversion factor. Unavailable or separately priced services are labeled rather than assigned a made-up amount.
Source: RVU26D. Effective 2026-10-01 through the day before 2027-01-01.
