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CPT code 31577: Laryngoscopy, foreign body removal2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in Miami, FL

Direct operative laryngoscopy removes a foreign object lodged in the larynx when visualization and instrument retrieval are needed beyond an office examination.

CMS RVU26DEffective Oct 1, 2026One payment locality117 Medicare services in 2024

In Miami, FL, Medicare pays $304.30 for 31577 in the office and $137.75 when it’s performed in a hospital or facility.

$304.30Office (non-facility)
$137.75Hospital or facility
+9.1%vs the national office rate ($278.90)

Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 31577 nationwide

Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.

We’ll open 31577 for the payment locality that covers the ZIP.

On this page 11 sections
  1. Rate in Miami, FL
  2. What 31577 covers
  3. Compared with other areas
  4. Rate map
  5. How it’s calculated
  6. Payment rules
  7. Related codes
  8. Rate history
  9. Where it applies
  10. Billing questions
  11. Sources

What 31577 covers

An otolaryngologist typically performs this operative procedure by passing a laryngoscope through the mouth to visualize the larynx and retrieve a lodged object with instruments. It is commonly performed in an operating room or ambulatory surgery setting, often under anesthesia. The target is a foreign body in the larynx, rather than a lesion being excised or a specimen being taken for biopsy.

Report the procedure when the operative note identifies the laryngeal foreign body and documents its removal. The code has a 0-day global period, so same-day preoperative and postoperative care is included. CMS applies endoscopy-family pricing when related endoscopies are performed together. Modifier 50 is inappropriate for this service. Assistant-at-surgery payment requires documented medical necessity; co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted under the CMS rules for this code.

This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.

How Miami, FL compares for 31577

Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 31577 runs from $245.74 in Arkansas to $368.15 in San Benito County, CA. Miami, FL pays $304.30. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.

31577 in Miami, FL vs other payment areas
  1. Miami, FL · this page$304.30
  2. Fort Lauderdale, FL · Florida$290.62−$13.68
  3. Rest of Florida · Florida$275.98−$28.32
  4. Los Angeles, CA · California$313.89+$9.59
  5. Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$318.94+$14.64
  6. Chicago, IL · Illinois$295.08−$9.22
  7. Manhattan, NY · New York$321.89+$17.59

Other areas in Florida first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.

Every other payment area

31577 in every other Medicare payment locality
Payment localityOfficeFacility
AlaskaAlaska$322.28$151.89
AlabamaAlabama$249.46$109.47
ArkansasArkansas$245.74$108.31
ArizonaArizona$271.18$116.15
Bakersfield, CACalifornia$294.64$119.29
Chico, CACalifornia$293.67$118.32
El Centro, CACalifornia$293.72$118.37
Fresno, CACalifornia$293.67$118.32

31577 rates by state

Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.

MEWIVTNHMTNDMNMINYMARIWAIDWYSDIAILINOHPANJCTORNVUTCONEMOKYWVVAMDDECAAZNMKSOKARTNNCSCDCTXLAMSALGAFLAKHI

Explore a state

Local rates. Clear comparisons.

Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.

$245.74

$330.91

Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.

View every state and territory as a table
31577 office rate range by state
State / territoryOffice rate rangeLocalities
AK$322.281
AL$249.461
AR$245.741
AZ$271.181
CA$293.67–$368.1529
CO$289.821
CT$297.811
DC$318.941
DE$275.761
FL$275.98–$304.303
GA$259.90–$284.532
GU$300.981
HI$300.981
IA$255.381
ID$257.231
IL$268.23–$295.084
IN$258.751
KS$254.441
KY$256.171
LA$255.87–$268.872
MA$288.13–$318.622
MD$281.03–$318.943
ME$258.92–$272.942
MI$263.30–$279.832
MN$276.591
MO$251.55–$269.513
MS$248.681
MT$278.871
NC$261.661
ND$272.151
NE$256.741
NH$285.521
NJ$300.90–$315.542
NM$264.911
NV$277.201
NY$265.72–$330.265
OH$261.931
OK$255.391
OR$274.74–$298.902
PA$262.20–$290.412
PR$280.881
RI$285.501
SC$262.291
SD$271.361
TN$255.801
TX$260.45–$289.128
UT$265.981
VA$272.23–$318.942
VI$280.881
VT$271.331
WA$287.50–$324.902
WI$262.801
WV$258.111
WY$275.941

See 31577 in every payment locality

How the 31577 rate is calculated

Each of 31577’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.

How the rate is built · 31577

RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor

Office or facility?

Work2.14

2.14 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Practice expense5.87

5.87 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Malpractice0.34

0.34 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Adjusted RVUs

8.3500

Conversion factor

$33.4009

Medicare rate

$278.90

Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.

The exact Miami, FL inputs and CMS source lines

PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv

3,610

Code
31577
Physician work
2.14
Practice expense
5.87
Malpractice
0.34

GPCI2026.csv

42

Locality
Miami, FL
Physician work
1.000
Practice expense
1.041
Malpractice
2.529
Office calculation for 31577 in Miami, FL
ComponentRVULocality factorAdjusted
Physician work2.14× 1.0002.1400
Practice expense5.87× 1.0416.1107
Malpractice0.34× 2.5290.8599
Total RVUs9.1105
Conversion factor× 33.4009

Office rate, Miami, FL$304.30

Office: (2.14 × 1 + 5.87 × 1.041 + 0.34 × 2.529) × $33.4009 = $304.30

Facility: (2.14 × 1 + 1.08 × 1.041 + 0.34 × 2.529) × $33.4009 = $137.75

Open 31577 in the RVU calculator

Payment rules and modifiers for 31577

The CMS indicators that decide how 31577 is paid alongside other services.

CMS payment indicators · 31577

Laryngoscopy, foreign body removal

RuleCMS valueWhat it means
Global period000Same-day global: pre- and post-op care on the day of the procedure is included.
Multiple procedures3Endoscopy family rules apply.
Bilateral (modifier 50)0The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply.
Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS)0Not paid without supporting documentation.
Co-surgeons (62)0Not permitted.
Team surgery (66)0Not permitted.
Professional/technical0Physician service: no professional/technical split.

What modifiers do to the payment

Modifier 51 · payment effect

With and without the modifier

31577 without 51 · national office

$278.90

Laryngoscopy, foreign body removal

31577-51 · Second procedure: 50%

$139.45

When this isn’t the highest-valued procedure in the session, Medicare pays 50% of its fee schedule amount (the highest is paid at 100%).

When to use modifier 51

Codes related to 31577

Related codes aren’t interchangeable: bill the code that matches the service performed.

Codes related to 31577
CodeHow it relatesOffice range, Miami, FL
Used instead
31575Laryngoscopy, flexible, diagnosticDiagnostic laryngoscopy without operative foreign body retrieval.$137.68
31576Laryngeal biopsy, flexible endoscopic approachLaryngoscopy with biopsy when tissue sampling, rather than foreign body removal, is performed.$289.96
31578Laryngoscopy, flexible scope, lesion removalOperative laryngoscopy for removal of a lesion rather than a foreign object.$331.40
31635Bronchoscopy, foreign body removalBronchoscopic foreign body removal when the object is in the bronchial airway.$350.60

How 31577 has changed in Miami, FL

31577 · Office / nonfacility

$304.30

Effective 2026-10-01

The base rate is $22.07 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $282.23 to $304.30 (7.8%).

It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.

Base rate by release · bars start at $0 · select a bar to compare

One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.

What changed, release by release

  1. January 1, 2026

    RVU26A

    $282.23changed to$304.30

    • Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
    • Work RVU 2.19 changed to 2.14
    • Practice expense RVU 5.56 changed to 5.87
    • Malpractice RVU 0.33 changed to 0.34
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.027 changed to 1.041
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.500 changed to 2.529

    Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.

  2. January 1, 2025

    RVU25A

    $295.57changed to$282.23

    • Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
    • Practice expense RVU 5.71 changed to 5.56

    Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.

  3. March 9, 2024

    RVU24AR

    $290.74changed to$295.57

    • Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875

    Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.

  4. January 1, 2024

    RVU24A

    $305.91changed to$290.74

    • Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
    • Practice expense RVU 5.82 changed to 5.71
    • Malpractice RVU 0.34 changed to 0.33
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.025 changed to 1.027
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.564 changed to 2.500

  5. January 1, 2023

    RVU23A

    $307.20changed to$305.91

    • Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
    • Practice expense RVU 5.74 changed to 5.82
    • Malpractice RVU 0.31 changed to 0.34
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.023 changed to 1.025
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.629 changed to 2.564

    Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.

  6. January 1, 2022

    RVU22A

    $311.73changed to$307.20

    • Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
    • Practice expense RVU 5.77 changed to 5.74
    • Malpractice RVU 0.32 changed to 0.31

    Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.

  7. January 1, 2021

    RVU21A

    $309.73changed to$311.73

    • Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
    • Practice expense RVU 5.42 changed to 5.77
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.026 changed to 1.023
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.598 changed to 2.629

    Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.

  8. January 1, 2020

    RVU20A

    $308.03changed to$309.73

    • Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
    • Practice expense RVU 5.38 changed to 5.42
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.029 changed to 1.026
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.566 changed to 2.598

    Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.

  9. January 1, 2019

    RVU19A

    $303.07changed to$308.03

    • Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
    • Practice expense RVU 5.28 changed to 5.38
    • Malpractice RVU 0.31 changed to 0.32

    Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.

  10. January 1, 2018

    RVU18AR1

    $302.83changed to$303.07

    • Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
    • Practice expense RVU 5.30 changed to 5.28
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.031 changed to 1.029
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.528 changed to 2.566

    Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.

  11. January 1, 2017

    RVU17A

    $272.02changed to$302.83

    • Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
    • Work RVU 2.47 changed to 2.19
    • Practice expense RVU 4.12 changed to 5.30
    • Malpractice RVU 0.35 changed to 0.31
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.033 changed to 1.031
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.490 changed to 2.528

    Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.

  12. January 1, 2016

    RVU16A

    $272.78changed to$272.02

    • Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
    • Practice expense RVU 4.09 changed to 4.12
    • Malpractice RVU 0.36 changed to 0.35

    Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.

  13. July 1, 2015

    RVU15C

    $271.43changed to$272.78

    • Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335

    Held through RVU15D.

  14. January 1, 2015

    RVU15A

    $273.35changed to$271.43

    • Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
    • Practice expense RVU 4.13 changed to 4.09
    • Malpractice RVU 0.32 changed to 0.36
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.044 changed to 1.033
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.653 changed to 2.490

    Held through RVU15B.

  15. January 1, 2014

    RVU14A

    $282.03changed to$273.35

    • Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
    • Practice expense RVU 4.64 changed to 4.13
    • Malpractice RVU 0.33 changed to 0.32
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.054 changed to 1.044
    • Malpractice GPCI 2.815 changed to 2.653

    Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.

  16. January 1, 2013

    RVU13AR

    Earliest loaded release: $282.03

    Held through RVU13B, RVU13C, RVU13D.

Rates in every CMS release
Effective fromOfficeFacilityCMS release
2026-10-01$304.30$137.75RVU26D
2026-07-01$304.30$137.75RVU26C
2026-04-01$304.30$137.75RVU26B
2026-01-01$304.30$137.75RVU26A
2025-10-01$282.23$147.35RVU25D
2025-07-01$282.23$147.35RVU25C
2025-04-01$282.23$147.35RVU25B
2025-01-01$282.23$147.35RVU25A
2024-10-01$295.57$150.62RVU24D
2024-07-01$295.57$150.62RVU24C
2024-04-01$295.57$150.62RVU24B
2024-03-09$295.57$150.62RVU24AR
2024-01-01$290.74$148.16RVU24A
2023-10-01$305.91$154.47RVU23D
2023-07-01$305.91$154.47RVU23C
2023-04-01$305.91$154.47RVU23B
2023-01-01$305.91$154.47RVU23A
2022-10-01$307.20$156.03RVU22D
2022-07-01$307.20$156.03RVU22C
2022-04-01$307.20$156.03RVU22B
2022-01-01$307.20$156.03RVU22A
2021-10-01$311.73$153.96RVU21D
2021-07-01$311.73$153.96RVU21C
2021-04-01$311.73$153.96RVU21B
2021-01-01$311.73$153.96RVU21A
2020-10-01$309.73$157.55RVU20D
2020-07-01$309.73$157.55RVU20C
2020-04-01$309.73$157.55RVU20B
2020-01-01$309.73$157.55RVU20A
2019-10-01$308.03$157.84RVU19D
2019-07-01$308.03$157.84RVU19C
2019-04-01$308.03$157.84RVU19B
2019-01-01$308.03$157.84RVU19A
2018-10-01$303.07$156.37RVU18D
2018-07-01$303.07$156.37RVU18C
2018-04-01$303.07$156.37RVU18B
2018-01-01$303.07$156.37RVU18AR1
2017-10-01$302.83$157.41RVU17D
2017-07-01$302.83$157.41RVU17C
2017-04-01$302.83$157.41RVU17B
2017-01-01$302.83$157.41RVU17A
2016-10-01$272.02$175.86RVU16D
2016-07-01$272.02$175.86RVU16C
2016-04-01$272.02$175.86RVU16B
2016-01-01$272.02$175.86RVU16A
2015-10-01$272.78$177.39RVU15D
2015-07-01$272.78$177.39RVU15C
2015-04-01$271.43$176.51RVU15B
2015-01-01$271.43$176.51RVU15A
2014-10-01$273.35$176.11RVU14D
2014-07-01$273.35$176.11RVU14C
2014-04-01$273.35$176.11RVU14B
2014-01-01$273.35$176.11RVU14A
2013-10-01$282.03$175.53RVU13D
2013-07-01$282.03$175.53RVU13C
2013-04-01$282.03$175.53RVU13B
2013-01-01$282.03$175.53RVU13AR

Price 31577 for an earlier date of service

Where the Miami, FL rate applies

Miami, FL is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 83 cities and communities in Florida. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.

  • Miami
  • Aventura
  • Bal Harbour
  • Bay Harbor Islands
  • Big Coppitt Key
  • Big Pine Key
  • Biscayne Gardens
  • Biscayne Park

Browse all communities in Florida

31577 billing questions

How is this different from diagnostic laryngoscopy?

Use 31577 when the laryngoscopy is operative and a foreign body is removed. A diagnostic examination without removal is represented by 31575.

When should 31578 be considered instead?

31578 describes operative removal of a laryngeal lesion. Use 31577 for removal of a foreign object, not excision of a lesion.

Can a biopsy be reported as 31577?

No. When tissue is sampled for diagnostic examination rather than a foreign body being removed, consider 31576.

Should modifier 50 be appended for bilateral work?

No. CMS identifies modifier 50 as inappropriate for this code because of its descriptor or anatomy.

What documentation supports reporting 31577?

Document the foreign body's laryngeal location, the operative visualization, and the retrieval performed. If an assistant-at-surgery claim is submitted, document medical necessity.

Where these rates come from

FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.

CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027

Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
RVUs for 31577PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv, line 3,610 (RVU26D)
Geographic factors for Miami, FLGPCI2026.csv, line 42 (RVU26D)

Open CMS sourceHow we calculate rates

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