FeeBase
Log inGet started
Menu

CPT code 28312: Toe osteotomy, lesser toe2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in New Mexico

Reports surgical reshaping of a lesser toe’s proximal phalanx to correct shortening, angular alignment, or rotation when an osseous correction is performed.

CMS RVU26DEffective Oct 1, 2026One payment locality2K Medicare services in 2024

In New Mexico, Medicare pays $565.91 for 28312 in the office and $337.42 when it’s performed in a hospital or facility.

$565.91Office (non-facility)
$337.42Hospital or facility
−5.0%vs the national office rate ($595.87)

Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 28312 nationwide

Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.

We’ll open 28312 for the payment locality that covers the ZIP.

On this page 11 sections
  1. Rate in New Mexico
  2. What 28312 covers
  3. Compared with other areas
  4. Rate map
  5. How it’s calculated
  6. Payment rules
  7. Related codes
  8. Rate history
  9. Where it applies
  10. Billing questions
  11. Sources

What 28312 covers

This procedure reshapes the proximal phalanx of a toe other than the great toe to correct a bony alignment problem, such as angular or rotational deformity. An orthopedic foot and ankle surgeon or podiatric surgeon typically performs it in an operating room, often as part of forefoot reconstruction. The operative report should identify the treated lesser toe, the phalanx addressed, the deformity, and the osteotomy and correction performed.

Report this code for the proximal-phalanx osteotomy, not merely because a toe deformity was treated. The 90-day global period includes the day-before preoperative visit and related postoperative care for 90 days. When multiple procedures are performed in the same session, Medicare pays the highest-valued procedure in full and reduces the others to 50%. Modifier 50 is inappropriate for this code. Medicare does not pay an assistant at surgery; co-surgeon payment requires supporting documentation, and team surgery is not permitted.

This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.

How New Mexico compares for 28312

Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 28312 runs from $525.10 in Arkansas to $786.78 in San Benito County, CA. New Mexico pays $565.91. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.

28312 in New Mexico vs other payment areas
  1. New Mexico · this page$565.91
  2. Los Angeles, CA · California$670.76+$104.85
  3. Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$681.45+$115.54
  4. Miami, FL · Florida$649.83+$83.92
  5. Chicago, IL · Illinois$630.18+$64.27
  6. Manhattan, NY · New York$687.64+$121.73
  7. Alaska · Alaska$688.64+$122.73

Other areas in New Mexico first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.

Every other payment area

28312 in every other Medicare payment locality
Payment localityOfficeFacility
AlabamaAlabama$533.04$315.01
ArkansasArkansas$525.10$311.07
ArizonaArizona$579.41$337.97
Bakersfield, CACalifornia$629.61$356.52
Chico, CACalifornia$627.55$354.46
El Centro, CACalifornia$627.67$354.58
Fresno, CACalifornia$627.55$354.46
Hanford, CACalifornia$627.55$354.46

28312 rates by state

Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.

MEWIVTNHMTNDMNMINYMARIWAIDWYSDIAILINOHPANJCTORNVUTCONEMOKYWVVAMDDECAAZNMKSOKARTNNCSCDCTXLAMSALGAFLAKHI

Explore a state

Local rates. Clear comparisons.

Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.

$525.10

$707.17

Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.

View every state and territory as a table
28312 office rate range by state
State / territoryOffice rate rangeLocalities
AK$688.641
AL$533.041
AR$525.101
AZ$579.411
CA$627.55–$786.7829
CO$619.261
CT$636.251
DC$681.451
DE$589.181
FL$589.52–$649.833
GA$555.22–$607.872
GU$643.181
HI$643.181
IA$545.741
ID$549.661
IL$572.94–$630.184
IN$552.911
KS$543.701
KY$547.301
LA$546.66–$574.412
MA$615.65–$680.812
MD$600.46–$681.453
ME$553.25–$583.232
MI$562.51–$597.702
MN$591.101
MO$537.40–$575.803
MS$531.331
MT$595.821
NC$559.111
ND$581.591
NE$548.641
NH$610.051
NJ$642.88–$674.192
NM$565.911
NV$592.281
NY$567.77–$705.485
OH$559.601
OK$545.661
OR$587.05–$638.692
PA$560.18–$620.452
PR$600.121
RI$610.011
SC$560.411
SD$579.901
TN$546.591
TX$556.44–$617.758
UT$568.271
VA$581.68–$681.452
VI$600.121
VT$579.801
WA$614.33–$694.262
WI$561.621
WV$551.321
WY$589.621

See 28312 in every payment locality

How the 28312 rate is calculated

Each of 28312’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.

How the rate is built · 28312

RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor

Office or facility?

Work4.57

4.57 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Practice expense12.55

12.55 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Malpractice0.72

0.72 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Adjusted RVUs

17.8400

Conversion factor

$33.4009

Medicare rate

$595.87

Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.

The exact New Mexico inputs and CMS source lines

PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv

3,188

Code
28312
Physician work
4.57
Practice expense
12.55
Malpractice
0.72

GPCI2026.csv

77

Locality
New Mexico
Physician work
1.000
Practice expense
0.917
Malpractice
1.201
Office calculation for 28312 in New Mexico
ComponentRVULocality factorAdjusted
Physician work4.57× 1.0004.5700
Practice expense12.55× 0.91711.5084
Malpractice0.72× 1.2010.8647
Total RVUs16.9431
Conversion factor× 33.4009

Office rate, New Mexico$565.91

Office: (4.57 × 1 + 12.55 × 0.917 + 0.72 × 1.201) × $33.4009 = $565.91

Facility: (4.57 × 1 + 5.09 × 0.917 + 0.72 × 1.201) × $33.4009 = $337.42

Open 28312 in the RVU calculator

Payment rules and modifiers for 28312

28312 has a 90-day global period: related visits in that window are included in the surgery payment.

CMS payment indicators · 28312

Toe osteotomy, lesser toe

RuleCMS valueWhat it means
Global period090Major surgery: the day before, the day of, and 90 days after are included.
Multiple procedures2Standard reduction: highest-valued procedure at 100%, others at 50%.
Bilateral (modifier 50)0The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply.
Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS)1Not paid (statutory restriction).
Co-surgeons (62)1Permitted with supporting documentation.
Team surgery (66)0Not permitted.
Professional/technical0Physician service: no professional/technical split.
Split (54/55/56)0.10/0.69/0.21Share of the payment for pre-op, the procedure itself, and post-op care.

Global surgery period · 28312

Toe osteotomy, lesser toe

90-day global period ends

Dec 30, 2026

Covers Sep 30, 2026 through Dec 30, 2026 (92 days, including the day before surgery).

Visit on Oct 31, 2026

Day 30 of the 90-day post-op period: related follow-up care is included in the surgical payment.

  • 24Unrelated E/M visit by the same physician
  • 79Unrelated procedure (starts its own global period)
  • 58Staged, more extensive, or therapy procedure that was planned
  • 78Unplanned return to the operating room for a related complication
SurgeryVisit
Sep 23, 2026Jan 10, 2027

Pre-op dayGlobal period

What modifiers do to the payment

Modifier 51 · payment effect

With and without the modifier

28312 without 51 · national office

$595.87

Toe osteotomy, lesser toe

28312-51 · Second procedure: 50%

$297.94

When this isn’t the highest-valued procedure in the session, Medicare pays 50% of its fee schedule amount (the highest is paid at 100%).

When to use modifier 51

Codes related to 28312

Related codes aren’t interchangeable: bill the code that matches the service performed.

Codes related to 28312
CodeHow it relatesOffice range, New Mexico
Same family
28310Toe osteotomy, first toe, proximal phalanxSame proximal-phalanx osteotomy family, but for the great toe.$539.65
Used instead
28313Toe deformity repair, soft-tissue correctionToe deformity reconstruction using soft-tissue procedures rather than a proximal-phalanx osteotomy.$521.03
28285Hammertoe repair, lesser-toe deformity correctionHammertoe correction code; select based on the procedure performed, not the diagnosis alone.$524.00
Often billed with
28308Metatarsal osteotomy, other than first metatarsalMay accompany a distinct metatarsal osteotomy during forefoot reconstruction.$558.17

How 28312 has changed in New Mexico

28312 · Office / nonfacility

$565.91

Effective 2026-10-01

The base rate is $52.81 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $513.10 to $565.91 (10.3%).

It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.

Base rate by release · bars start at $0 · select a bar to compare

One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.

What changed, release by release

  1. January 1, 2026

    RVU26A

    $513.10changed to$565.91

    • Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
    • Work RVU 4.69 changed to 4.57
    • Practice expense RVU 11.44 changed to 12.55
    • Malpractice RVU 0.67 changed to 0.72
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.908 changed to 0.917
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.172 changed to 1.201

    Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.

  2. January 1, 2025

    RVU25A

    $514.60changed to$513.10

    • Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
    • Practice expense RVU 11.06 changed to 11.44
    • Malpractice RVU 0.62 changed to 0.67

    Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.

  3. March 9, 2024

    RVU24AR

    $506.20changed to$514.60

    • Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875

    Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.

  4. January 1, 2024

    RVU24A

    $507.13changed to$506.20

    • Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
    • Practice expense RVU 10.64 changed to 11.06
    • Malpractice RVU 0.58 changed to 0.62
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.902 changed to 0.908
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.169 changed to 1.172

  5. January 1, 2023

    RVU23A

    $497.45changed to$507.13

    • Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
    • Practice expense RVU 10.08 changed to 10.64
    • Malpractice RVU 0.56 changed to 0.58
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.896 changed to 0.902
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.166 changed to 1.169

    Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.

  6. January 1, 2022

    RVU22A

    $495.29changed to$497.45

    • Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
    • Practice expense RVU 9.97 changed to 10.08
    • Malpractice RVU 0.49 changed to 0.56

    Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.

  7. January 1, 2021

    RVU21A

    $495.69changed to$495.29

    • Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
    • Practice expense RVU 9.31 changed to 9.97
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.908 changed to 0.896
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.207 changed to 1.166

    Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.

  8. January 1, 2020

    RVU20A

    $501.37changed to$495.69

    • Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
    • Practice expense RVU 9.39 changed to 9.31
    • Malpractice RVU 0.46 changed to 0.49
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.921 changed to 0.908
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.247 changed to 1.207

    Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.

  9. January 1, 2019

    RVU19A

    $504.58changed to$501.37

    • Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
    • Practice expense RVU 9.49 changed to 9.39
    • Malpractice RVU 0.47 changed to 0.46

    Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.

  10. January 1, 2018

    RVU18AR1

    $503.72changed to$504.58

    • Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
    • Practice expense RVU 9.53 changed to 9.49
    • Malpractice RVU 0.48 changed to 0.47
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.920 changed to 0.921
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.204 changed to 1.247

    Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.

  11. January 1, 2017

    RVU17A

    $501.78changed to$503.72

    • Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
    • Practice expense RVU 9.54 changed to 9.53
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.919 changed to 0.920
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.161 changed to 1.204

    Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.

  12. January 1, 2016

    RVU16A

    $512.94changed to$501.78

    • Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
    • Practice expense RVU 9.76 changed to 9.54
    • Malpractice RVU 0.53 changed to 0.48

    Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.

  13. July 1, 2015

    RVU15C

    $510.39changed to$512.94

    • Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335

    Held through RVU15D.

  14. January 1, 2015

    RVU15A

    $498.32changed to$510.39

    • Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
    • Practice expense RVU 9.48 changed to 9.76
    • Malpractice RVU 0.48 changed to 0.53
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.918 changed to 0.919
    • Malpractice GPCI 1.079 changed to 1.161

    Held through RVU15B.

  15. January 1, 2014

    RVU14A

    $500.96changed to$498.32

    • Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
    • Practice expense RVU 10.41 changed to 9.48
    • Malpractice RVU 0.50 changed to 0.48
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.916 changed to 0.918
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.997 changed to 1.079

    Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.

  16. January 1, 2013

    RVU13AR

    Earliest loaded release: $500.96

    Held through RVU13B, RVU13C, RVU13D.

Rates in every CMS release
Effective fromOfficeFacilityCMS release
2026-10-01$565.91$337.42RVU26D
2026-07-01$565.91$337.42RVU26C
2026-04-01$565.91$337.42RVU26B
2026-01-01$565.91$337.42RVU26A
2025-10-01$513.10$339.23RVU25D
2025-07-01$513.10$339.23RVU25C
2025-04-01$513.10$339.23RVU25B
2025-01-01$513.10$339.23RVU25A
2024-10-01$514.60$336.57RVU24D
2024-07-01$514.60$336.57RVU24C
2024-04-01$514.60$336.57RVU24B
2024-03-09$514.60$336.57RVU24AR
2024-01-01$506.20$331.08RVU24A
2023-10-01$507.13$329.85RVU23D
2023-07-01$507.13$329.85RVU23C
2023-04-01$507.13$329.85RVU23B
2023-01-01$507.13$329.85RVU23A
2022-10-01$497.45$321.95RVU22D
2022-07-01$497.45$321.95RVU22C
2022-04-01$497.45$321.95RVU22B
2022-01-01$497.45$321.95RVU22A
2021-10-01$495.29$315.21RVU21D
2021-07-01$495.29$315.21RVU21C
2021-04-01$495.29$315.21RVU21B
2021-01-01$495.29$315.21RVU21A
2020-10-01$495.69$319.72RVU20D
2020-07-01$495.69$319.72RVU20C
2020-04-01$495.69$319.72RVU20B
2020-01-01$495.69$319.72RVU20A
2019-10-01$501.37$321.14RVU19D
2019-07-01$501.37$321.14RVU19C
2019-04-01$501.37$321.14RVU19B
2019-01-01$501.37$321.14RVU19A
2018-10-01$504.58$321.56RVU18D
2018-07-01$504.58$321.56RVU18C
2018-04-01$504.58$321.56RVU18B
2018-01-01$504.58$321.56RVU18AR1
2017-10-01$503.72$321.46RVU17D
2017-07-01$503.72$321.46RVU17C
2017-04-01$503.72$321.46RVU17B
2017-01-01$503.72$321.46RVU17A
2016-10-01$501.78$320.15RVU16D
2016-07-01$501.78$320.15RVU16C
2016-04-01$501.78$320.15RVU16B
2016-01-01$501.78$320.15RVU16A
2015-10-01$512.94$326.03RVU15D
2015-07-01$512.94$326.03RVU15C
2015-04-01$510.39$324.41RVU15B
2015-01-01$510.39$324.41RVU15A
2014-10-01$498.32$318.43RVU14D
2014-07-01$498.32$318.43RVU14C
2014-04-01$498.32$318.43RVU14B
2014-01-01$498.32$318.43RVU14A
2013-10-01$500.96$312.10RVU13D
2013-07-01$500.96$312.10RVU13C
2013-04-01$500.96$312.10RVU13B
2013-01-01$500.96$312.10RVU13AR

Price 28312 for an earlier date of service

Where the New Mexico rate applies

New Mexico is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 528 cities and communities in New Mexico. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.

  • Abeytas
  • Abiquiu
  • Acomita Lake
  • Adelino
  • Agua Fria
  • Alamillo
  • Alamo
  • Alamogordo

Browse all communities in New Mexico

28312 billing questions

When is this code appropriate instead of 28310?

Use 28312 for a proximal-phalanx osteotomy of a toe other than the great toe. Code 28310 is for the great toe’s proximal phalanx.

Does a hammertoe diagnosis alone support this code?

No. Documentation should establish that the surgeon performed a proximal-phalanx osteotomy to correct the lesser toe’s bony alignment. A hammertoe procedure without that osteotomy does not establish the service.

Can this be reported with a metatarsal osteotomy?

It may be reported with a metatarsal osteotomy when both distinct bony corrections are performed and documented. Same-session procedures are subject to Medicare’s multiple procedure reduction.

Can modifier 50 be used when both feet are treated?

No. CMS identifies bilateral adjustment as inappropriate for this code. Follow the applicable reporting instructions for services performed on separate toes or feet.

How does the global period affect postoperative visits?

The 90-day global period includes the day-before preoperative visit and related postoperative care during the 90 days after surgery.

Where these rates come from

FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.

CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027

Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
RVUs for 28312PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv, line 3,188 (RVU26D)
Geographic factors for New MexicoGPCI2026.csv, line 77 (RVU26D)

Open CMS sourceHow we calculate rates

Did this answer your question about what 28312 pays in New Mexico?

Tell us what you were actually trying to work out. We’ll answer you directly, or build the page that does.

Fee sheets

Put 28312 and the rest of your codes on one sheet

Your codes at your locality, with payer contracts beside Medicare.

Build my fee sheet