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CPT code 54231: Cavernosometry, dynamic hemodynamic study2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in Minnesota

Dynamic cavernosometry measures penile blood-flow and pressure response during a pharmacologically induced erection to evaluate suspected vascular causes of erectile dysfunction.

CMS RVU26DEffective Oct 1, 2026One payment locality92 Medicare services in 2024

In Minnesota, Medicare pays $145.24 for 54231 in the office and $99.87 when it’s performed in a hospital or facility.

$145.24Office (non-facility)
$99.87Hospital or facility
−2.5%vs the national office rate ($148.97)

Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 54231 nationwide

Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.

We’ll open 54231 for the payment locality that covers the ZIP.

On this page 11 sections
  1. Rate in Minnesota
  2. What 54231 covers
  3. Compared with other areas
  4. Rate map
  5. How it’s calculated
  6. Payment rules
  7. Related codes
  8. Rate history
  9. Where it applies
  10. Billing questions
  11. Sources

What 54231 covers

Dynamic cavernosometry is an invasive physiologic study used mainly by urologists to assess penile blood flow and pressure in men with erectile dysfunction when a vascular cause, such as impaired venous occlusion, is suspected. After medication induces an erection, the clinician infuses fluid into the corpora cavernosa and records pressure and flow measurements. The study may be performed in a urology office or facility setting.

Report 54231 when the clinician performs and documents the dynamic pressure-and-flow assessment, rather than an injection or imaging study alone. The record should support the indication, pharmacologic response, measurements, and clinical interpretation. The 0-day global period includes same-day preoperative and postoperative care. When multiple procedures are performed in one session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and other procedures are subject to the standard 50% reduction. Modifier 50 is inappropriate for this code. Medicare does not pay an assistant at surgery, and co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.

How Minnesota compares for 54231

Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 54231 runs from $134.46 in Arkansas to $185.18 in San Benito County, CA. Minnesota pays $145.24. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.

54231 in Minnesota vs other payment areas
  1. Minnesota · this page$145.24
  2. Los Angeles, CA · California$162.46+$17.22
  3. Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$166.70+$21.46
  4. Miami, FL · Florida$164.78+$19.54
  5. Chicago, IL · Illinois$160.62+$15.38
  6. Manhattan, NY · New York$170.13+$24.89
  7. Alaska · Alaska$183.27+$38.03

Other areas in Minnesota first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.

Every other payment area

54231 in every other Medicare payment locality
Payment localityOfficeFacility
AlabamaAlabama$136.08$97.50
ArkansasArkansas$134.46$96.59
ArizonaArizona$145.47$102.74
Bakersfield, CACalifornia$154.08$105.76
Chico, CACalifornia$153.34$105.02
El Centro, CACalifornia$153.38$105.06
Fresno, CACalifornia$153.34$105.02
Hanford, CACalifornia$153.34$105.02

54231 rates by state

Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.

MEWIVTNHMTNDMNMINYMARIWAIDWYSDIAILINOHPANJCTORNVUTCONEMOKYWVVAMDDECAAZNMKSOKARTNNCSCDCTXLAMSALGAFLAKHI

Explore a state

Local rates. Clear comparisons.

Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.

$134.46

$183.27

Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.

View every state and territory as a table
54231 office rate range by state
State / territoryOffice rate rangeLocalities
AK$183.271
AL$136.081
AR$134.461
AZ$145.471
CA$153.34–$185.1829
CO$152.681
CT$157.761
DC$166.701
DE$147.571
FL$149.91–$164.783
GA$142.56–$152.032
GU$155.611
HI$155.611
IA$137.631
ID$138.641
IL$147.22–$160.624
IN$139.261
KS$137.711
KY$140.031
LA$140.09–$145.732
MA$152.27–$165.162
MD$149.84–$166.703
ME$139.88–$145.222
MI$143.59–$152.102
MN$145.241
MO$138.52–$145.433
MS$136.481
MT$148.951
NC$140.991
ND$144.011
NE$138.061
NH$150.961
NJ$159.26–$165.592
NM$144.491
NV$147.651
NY$142.78–$174.395
OH$142.581
OK$139.171
OR$146.19–$156.122
PA$142.43–$154.822
PR$149.661
RI$151.781
SC$142.081
SD$143.421
TN$138.351
TX$141.70–$152.458
UT$143.671
VA$145.25–$166.702
VI$149.661
VT$144.101
WA$151.77–$167.602
WI$140.081
WV$142.851
WY$146.801

See 54231 in every payment locality

How the 54231 rate is calculated

Each of 54231’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.

How the rate is built · 54231

RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor

Office or facility?

Work1.99

1.99 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Practice expense2.22

2.22 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Malpractice0.25

0.25 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Adjusted RVUs

4.4600

Conversion factor

$33.4009

Medicare rate

$148.97

Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.

The exact Minnesota inputs and CMS source lines

PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv

6,264

Code
54231
Physician work
1.99
Practice expense
2.22
Malpractice
0.25

GPCI2026.csv

66

Locality
Minnesota
Physician work
1.000
Practice expense
1.029
Malpractice
0.296
Office calculation for 54231 in Minnesota
ComponentRVULocality factorAdjusted
Physician work1.99× 1.0001.9900
Practice expense2.22× 1.0292.2844
Malpractice0.25× 0.2960.0740
Total RVUs4.3484
Conversion factor× 33.4009

Office rate, Minnesota$145.24

Office: (1.99 × 1 + 2.22 × 1.029 + 0.25 × 0.296) × $33.4009 = $145.24

Facility: (1.99 × 1 + 0.9 × 1.029 + 0.25 × 0.296) × $33.4009 = $99.87

Open 54231 in the RVU calculator

Payment rules and modifiers for 54231

The CMS indicators that decide how 54231 is paid alongside other services.

CMS payment indicators · 54231

Cavernosometry, dynamic hemodynamic study

RuleCMS valueWhat it means
Global period000Same-day global: pre- and post-op care on the day of the procedure is included.
Multiple procedures2Standard reduction: highest-valued procedure at 100%, others at 50%.
Bilateral (modifier 50)0The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply.
Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS)1Not paid (statutory restriction).
Co-surgeons (62)0Not permitted.
Team surgery (66)0Not permitted.
Professional/technical0Physician service: no professional/technical split.

What modifiers do to the payment

Modifier 51 · payment effect

With and without the modifier

54231 without 51 · national office

$148.97

Cavernosometry, dynamic hemodynamic study

54231-51 · Second procedure: 50%

$74.49

When this isn’t the highest-valued procedure in the session, Medicare pays 50% of its fee schedule amount (the highest is paid at 100%).

When to use modifier 51

Codes related to 54231

Related codes aren’t interchangeable: bill the code that matches the service performed.

Codes related to 54231
CodeHow it relatesOffice range, Minnesota
Often billed with
54230Cavernosography, contrast injectionCavernosography may accompany the pressure-and-flow study to image penile venous anatomy.$108.33
Used instead
54240Penile plethysmography, stimulus-response measurementPenile plethysmography evaluates erectile response using a different diagnostic method.$110.38
54250Nocturnal erection testing, tumescence and rigidityNocturnal tumescence and rigidity testing assesses erections during sleep rather than induced hemodynamics.$119.93

How 54231 has changed in Minnesota

54231 · Office / nonfacility

$145.24

Effective 2026-10-01

The base rate is $7.96 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $137.28 to $145.24 (5.8%).

It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.

Base rate by release · bars start at $0 · select a bar to compare

One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.

What changed, release by release

  1. January 1, 2026

    RVU26A

    $137.28changed to$145.24

    • Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
    • Work RVU 2.04 changed to 1.99
    • Practice expense RVU 2.08 changed to 2.22
    • Malpractice RVU 0.24 changed to 0.25
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.025 changed to 1.029
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.300 changed to 0.296

    Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.

  2. January 1, 2025

    RVU25A

    $139.91changed to$137.28

    • Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
    • Practice expense RVU 2.04 changed to 2.08

    Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.

  3. March 9, 2024

    RVU24AR

    $137.62changed to$139.91

    • Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875

    Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.

  4. January 1, 2024

    RVU24A

    $139.92changed to$137.62

    • Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
    • Practice expense RVU 1.97 changed to 2.04
    • Malpractice RVU 0.25 changed to 0.24
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.019 changed to 1.025
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.326 changed to 0.300

  5. January 1, 2023

    RVU23A

    $140.14changed to$139.92

    • Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
    • Practice expense RVU 1.90 changed to 1.97
    • Malpractice RVU 0.24 changed to 0.25
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.013 changed to 1.019
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.353 changed to 0.326

    Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.

  6. January 1, 2022

    RVU22A

    $140.11changed to$140.14

    • Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
    • Practice expense RVU 1.87 changed to 1.90
    • Malpractice RVU 0.23 changed to 0.24

    Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.

  7. January 1, 2021

    RVU21A

    $142.09changed to$140.11

    • Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
    • Practice expense RVU 1.79 changed to 1.87
    • Malpractice RVU 0.24 changed to 0.23
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.012 changed to 1.013
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.357 changed to 0.353

    Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.

  8. January 1, 2020

    RVU20A

    $142.47changed to$142.09

    • Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
    • Practice expense RVU 1.81 changed to 1.79
    • Malpractice RVU 0.23 changed to 0.24
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.011 changed to 1.012
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.362 changed to 0.357

    Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.

  9. January 1, 2019

    RVU19A

    $142.31changed to$142.47

    • Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391

    Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.

  10. January 1, 2018

    RVU18AR1

    $139.84changed to$142.31

    • Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
    • Practice expense RVU 1.75 changed to 1.81
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.016 changed to 1.011
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.341 changed to 0.362

    Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.

  11. January 1, 2017

    RVU17A

    $138.85changed to$139.84

    • Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
    • Practice expense RVU 1.73 changed to 1.75
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.020 changed to 1.016
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.319 changed to 0.341

    Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.

  12. January 1, 2016

    RVU16A

    $139.35changed to$138.85

    • Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043

    Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.

  13. July 1, 2015

    RVU15C

    $138.66changed to$139.35

    • Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335

    Held through RVU15D.

  14. January 1, 2015

    RVU15A

    $137.73changed to$138.66

    • Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
    • Practice expense RVU 1.72 changed to 1.73
    • Malpractice RVU 0.19 changed to 0.23
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.016 changed to 1.020
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.301 changed to 0.319

    Held through RVU15B.

  15. January 1, 2014

    RVU14A

    $134.34changed to$137.73

    • Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
    • Practice expense RVU 1.83 changed to 1.72
    • Malpractice RVU 0.20 changed to 0.19
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.012 changed to 1.016
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.282 changed to 0.301

    Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.

  16. October 1, 2013

    RVU13D

    No ratechanged to$134.34

  17. January 1, 2013

    RVU13AR

    Earliest loaded release: No rate

    Held through RVU13B, RVU13C.

Rates in every CMS release
Effective fromOfficeFacilityCMS release
2026-10-01$145.24$99.87RVU26D
2026-07-01$145.24$99.87RVU26C
2026-04-01$145.24$99.87RVU26B
2026-01-01$145.24$99.87RVU26A
2025-10-01$137.28$108.10RVU25D
2025-07-01$137.28$108.10RVU25C
2025-04-01$137.28$108.10RVU25B
2025-01-01$137.28$108.10RVU25A
2024-10-01$139.91$110.22RVU24D
2024-07-01$139.91$110.22RVU24C
2024-04-01$139.91$110.22RVU24B
2024-03-09$139.91$110.22RVU24AR
2024-01-01$137.62$108.42RVU24A
2023-10-01$139.92$110.22RVU23D
2023-07-01$139.92$110.22RVU23C
2023-04-01$139.92$110.22RVU23B
2023-01-01$139.92$110.22RVU23A
2022-10-01$140.14$111.39RVU22D
2022-07-01$140.14$111.39RVU22C
2022-04-01$140.14$111.39RVU22B
2022-01-01$140.14$111.39RVU22A
2021-10-01$140.11$112.19RVU21D
2021-07-01$140.11$112.19RVU21C
2021-04-01$140.11$112.19RVU21B
2021-01-01$140.11$112.19RVU21A
2020-10-01$142.09$115.43RVU20D
2020-07-01$142.09$115.43RVU20C
2020-04-01$142.09$115.43RVU20B
2020-01-01$142.09$115.43RVU20A
2019-10-01$142.47$116.24RVU19D
2019-07-01$142.47$116.24RVU19C
2019-04-01$142.47$116.24RVU19B
2019-01-01$142.47$116.24RVU19A
2018-10-01$142.31$116.84RVU18D
2018-07-01$142.31$116.84RVU18C
2018-04-01$142.31$116.84RVU18B
2018-01-01$142.31$116.84RVU18AR1
2017-10-01$139.84$116.14RVU17D
2017-07-01$139.84$116.14RVU17C
2017-04-01$139.84$116.14RVU17B
2017-01-01$139.84$116.14RVU17A
2016-10-01$138.85$114.74RVU16D
2016-07-01$138.85$114.74RVU16C
2016-04-01$138.85$114.74RVU16B
2016-01-01$138.85$114.74RVU16A
2015-10-01$139.35$115.53RVU15D
2015-07-01$139.35$115.53RVU15C
2015-04-01$138.66$114.95RVU15B
2015-01-01$138.66$114.95RVU15A
2014-10-01$137.73$114.07RVU14D
2014-07-01$137.73$114.07RVU14C
2014-04-01$137.73$114.07RVU14B
2014-01-01$137.73$114.07RVU14A
2013-10-01$134.34$110.23RVU13D
2013-07-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13C
2013-04-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13B
2013-01-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13AR

Price 54231 for an earlier date of service

Where the Minnesota rate applies

Minnesota is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 916 cities and communities in Minnesota. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.

  • Ada
  • Adams
  • Adrian
  • Afton
  • Aitkin
  • Akeley
  • Albany
  • Albert Lea

Browse all communities in Minnesota

54231 billing questions

How is 54231 different from cavernosography?

54231 reports dynamic pressure and flow measurements during a pharmacologically induced erection. Cavernosography uses contrast imaging to show penile venous anatomy and may be performed with cavernosometry.

Does the pharmacologic injection alone support 54231?

No. The service involves a dynamic hemodynamic assessment, not simply injecting an agent into the corpora cavernosa.

What documentation supports reporting this code?

Document the clinical reason for the study, the pharmacologic response, the pressure and flow measurements, and the clinician’s interpretation of the findings.

Should modifier 50 be appended?

No. CMS identifies bilateral adjustment as inappropriate for this code’s descriptor and anatomy.

How does the multiple-procedure reduction affect payment?

When 54231 is performed with other procedures in the same session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and the other procedure or procedures are subject to the standard 50% reduction.

Can an assistant or co-surgeon be reported?

Medicare does not pay an assistant at surgery for this code, and co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

Where these rates come from

FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.

CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027

Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
RVUs for 54231PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv, line 6,264 (RVU26D)
Geographic factors for MinnesotaGPCI2026.csv, line 66 (RVU26D)

Open CMS sourceHow we calculate rates

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