CPT code 88312: Special stain, group I, microorganisms2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in Virginia
Report a Group I histochemical stain for each stain performed on a specimen to help identify microorganisms in tissue, with interpretation and a report.
In Virginia, Medicare pays $107.72 for 88312 in the office.
Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 88312 nationwide
Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.
On this page 11 sections
What 88312 covers
A Group I special stain helps a pathologist identify microorganisms in tissue when routine H&E examination is insufficient. Examples include Gram stain for bacteria, acid-fast stains for mycobacteria, and GMS for fungi. Giemsa or Warthin-Starry may be used to evaluate a gastric biopsy for Helicobacter pylori. Histology staff prepare the stained sections, and a pathologist interprets and reports the findings, commonly alongside a surgical pathology examination. The work may be performed in an independent laboratory or hospital pathology department.
Report one unit for each stain on each separate specimen, rather than for each block, section, or slide. Additional slides or repeats of the same stain on the same specimen do not create additional units. Documentation should identify the specimen, each stain performed, and its interpretation. Modifier TC identifies the staining work, including staff, supplies, and equipment; modifier 26 identifies the pathologist's interpretation. When one billing entity provides both components, report the global service without either component modifier.
This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.
How Virginia compares for 88312
Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 88312 runs from $96.26 in Arkansas to $151.19 in San Benito County, CA. Virginia pays $107.72. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.
- Virginia · this page$107.72
- Los Angeles, CA · California$126.57+$18.85
- Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$126.80+$19.08
- Miami, FL · Florida$114.81+$7.09
- Chicago, IL · Illinois$111.43+$3.71
- Manhattan, NY · New York$125.99+$18.27
- Alaska · Alaska$123.86+$16.14
Other areas in Virginia first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.
Every other payment area
| Payment locality | Office | Facility |
|---|---|---|
| AlabamaAlabama | $97.76 | — |
| ArkansasArkansas | $96.26 | — |
| ArizonaArizona | $106.59 | — |
| Bakersfield, CACalifornia | $118.22 | — |
| Chico, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| El Centro, CACalifornia | $118.12 | — |
| Fresno, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Hanford, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Madera, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Merced, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Modesto, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Napa, CACalifornia | $139.07 | — |
| Oxnard, CACalifornia | $126.21 | — |
| Redding, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Rest of CaliforniaCalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Riverside, CACalifornia | $118.45 | — |
| Sacramento, CACalifornia | $124.54 | — |
| Salinas, CACalifornia | $124.08 | — |
| San Diego, CACalifornia | $127.43 | — |
| Marin County, CACalifornia | $147.94 | — |
| San Francisco, CACalifornia | $147.91 | — |
| San Benito County, CACalifornia | $151.19 | — |
| Santa Clara County, CACalifornia | $151.05 | — |
| San Luis Obispo, CACalifornia | $122.02 | — |
| Santa Cruz, CACalifornia | $128.99 | — |
| Santa Maria, CACalifornia | $124.67 | — |
| Santa Rosa, CACalifornia | $130.33 | — |
| Stockton, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Vallejo, CACalifornia | $139.02 | — |
| Visalia, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| Yuba City, CACalifornia | $118.11 | — |
| ColoradoColorado | $115.36 | — |
| ConnecticutConnecticut | $117.11 | — |
| DelawareDelaware | $108.45 | — |
| Fort Lauderdale, FLFlorida | $111.55 | — |
| Rest of FloridaFlorida | $106.06 | — |
| Atlanta, GAGeorgia | $111.26 | — |
| Rest of GeorgiaGeorgia | $99.94 | — |
| Hawaii, Guam, HIHawaii | $121.58 | — |
| IowaIowa | $101.23 | — |
| IdahoIdaho | $101.76 | — |
| East St. Louis, ILIllinois | $103.30 | — |
| Rest of IllinoisIllinois | $102.22 | — |
| Suburban Chicago, ILIllinois | $112.91 | — |
| IndianaIndiana | $102.41 | — |
| KansasKansas | $100.34 | — |
| KentuckyKentucky | $99.39 | — |
| New Orleans, LALouisiana | $104.33 | — |
| Rest of LouisianaLouisiana | $99.07 | — |
| Metropolitan Boston, MAMassachusetts | $127.80 | — |
| Rest of MassachusettsMassachusetts | $114.45 | — |
| Baltimore area, MDMaryland | $116.71 | — |
| Rest of MarylandMaryland | $110.74 | — |
| Rest of MaineMaine | $101.91 | — |
| Southern Maine, MEMaine | $108.37 | — |
| Detroit, MIMichigan | $107.06 | — |
| Rest of MichiganMichigan | $101.78 | — |
| MinnesotaMinnesota | $111.48 | — |
| Metropolitan Kansas City, MOMissouri | $103.99 | — |
| Metropolitan St. Louis, MOMissouri | $105.20 | — |
| Rest of MissouriMissouri | $96.99 | — |
| MississippiMississippi | $96.67 | — |
| MontanaMontana | $109.55 | — |
| North CarolinaNorth Carolina | $103.11 | — |
| North DakotaNorth Dakota | $108.96 | — |
| NebraskaNebraska | $101.94 | — |
| New HampshireNew Hampshire | $113.15 | — |
| Northern New JerseyNew Jersey | $125.27 | — |
| Rest of New JerseyNew Jersey | $118.72 | — |
| New MexicoNew Mexico | $102.22 | — |
| NevadaNevada | $109.48 | — |
| NYC suburbs and Long Island, NYNew York | $128.72 | — |
| Poughkeepsie and northern NYC suburbs, NYNew York | $119.19 | — |
| Queens, NYNew York | $127.67 | — |
| Rest of New YorkNew York | $104.71 | — |
| OhioOhio | $101.66 | — |
| OklahomaOklahoma | $99.61 | — |
| Portland, OROregon | $119.67 | — |
| Rest of OregonOregon | $108.89 | — |
| Metropolitan Philadelphia, PAPennsylvania | $113.79 | — |
| Rest of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania | $102.05 | — |
| Puerto RicoPuerto Rico | $110.54 | — |
| Rhode IslandRhode Island | $112.78 | — |
| South CarolinaSouth Carolina | $102.50 | — |
| South DakotaSouth Dakota | $108.89 | — |
| TennesseeTennessee | $100.82 | — |
| Austin, TXTexas | $114.75 | — |
| Beaumont, TXTexas | $101.31 | — |
| Brazoria, TXTexas | $108.66 | — |
| Dallas, TXTexas | $109.21 | — |
| Fort Worth, TXTexas | $108.31 | — |
| Galveston, TXTexas | $108.89 | — |
| Houston, TXTexas | $109.44 | — |
| Rest of TexasTexas | $104.82 | — |
| UtahUtah | $104.00 | — |
| Virgin Islands, VIUnited States Virgin Islands | $110.54 | — |
| VermontVermont | $108.15 | — |
| Rest of WashingtonWashington | $114.36 | — |
| King County, WAWashington | $130.88 | — |
| WisconsinWisconsin | $105.05 | — |
| West VirginiaWest Virginia | $98.09 | — |
| WyomingWyoming | $109.29 | — |
88312 rates by state
Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.
Explore a state
Local rates. Clear comparisons.
Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.
$96.26
$134.65
Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.
View every state and territory as a table
| State / territory | Office rate range | Localities |
|---|---|---|
| AK | $123.86 | 1 |
| AL | $97.76 | 1 |
| AR | $96.26 | 1 |
| AZ | $106.59 | 1 |
| CA | $118.11–$151.19 | 29 |
| CO | $115.36 | 1 |
| CT | $117.11 | 1 |
| DC | $126.80 | 1 |
| DE | $108.45 | 1 |
| FL | $106.06–$114.81 | 3 |
| GA | $99.94–$111.26 | 2 |
| GU | $121.58 | 1 |
| HI | $121.58 | 1 |
| IA | $101.23 | 1 |
| ID | $101.76 | 1 |
| IL | $102.22–$112.91 | 4 |
| IN | $102.41 | 1 |
| KS | $100.34 | 1 |
| KY | $99.39 | 1 |
| LA | $99.07–$104.33 | 2 |
| MA | $114.45–$127.80 | 2 |
| MD | $110.74–$126.80 | 3 |
| ME | $101.91–$108.37 | 2 |
| MI | $101.78–$107.06 | 2 |
| MN | $111.48 | 1 |
| MO | $96.99–$105.20 | 3 |
| MS | $96.67 | 1 |
| MT | $109.55 | 1 |
| NC | $103.11 | 1 |
| ND | $108.96 | 1 |
| NE | $101.94 | 1 |
| NH | $113.15 | 1 |
| NJ | $118.72–$125.27 | 2 |
| NM | $102.22 | 1 |
| NV | $109.48 | 1 |
| NY | $104.71–$128.72 | 5 |
| OH | $101.66 | 1 |
| OK | $99.61 | 1 |
| OR | $108.89–$119.67 | 2 |
| PA | $102.05–$113.79 | 2 |
| PR | $110.54 | 1 |
| RI | $112.78 | 1 |
| SC | $102.50 | 1 |
| SD | $108.89 | 1 |
| TN | $100.82 | 1 |
| TX | $101.31–$114.75 | 8 |
| UT | $104.00 | 1 |
| VA | $107.72–$126.80 | 2 |
| VI | $110.54 | 1 |
| VT | $108.15 | 1 |
| WA | $114.36–$130.88 | 2 |
| WI | $105.05 | 1 |
| WV | $98.09 | 1 |
| WY | $109.29 | 1 |
How the 88312 rate is calculated
Each of 88312’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.
How the rate is built · 88312
RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor
Work0.53
0.53 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Practice expense2.72
2.72 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Malpractice0.03
0.03 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Adjusted RVUs
3.2800
Conversion factor
$33.4009
Medicare rate
$109.55
Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.
The exact Virginia inputs and CMS source lines
PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv
11,218
- Code
- 88312
- Physician work
- 0.53
- Practice expense
- 2.72
- Malpractice
- 0.03
GPCI2026.csv
106
- Locality
- Virginia
- Physician work
- 1.000
- Practice expense
- 0.983
- Malpractice
- 0.706
| Component | RVU | Locality factor | Adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physician work | 0.53 | × 1.000 | 0.5300 |
| Practice expense | 2.72 | × 0.983 | 2.6738 |
| Malpractice | 0.03 | × 0.706 | 0.0212 |
| Total RVUs | 3.2249 | ||
| Conversion factor | × 33.4009 | ||
Office rate, Virginia$107.72
Office: (0.53 × 1 + 2.72 × 0.983 + 0.03 × 0.706) × $33.4009 = $107.72
Payment rules and modifiers for 88312
The CMS indicators that decide how 88312 is paid alongside other services.
CMS payment indicators · 88312
Special stain, group I, microorganisms
| Rule | CMS value | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Global period | XXX | The global surgery concept doesn’t apply. |
| Multiple procedures | 0 | No multiple-procedure reduction. |
| Bilateral (modifier 50) | 0 | The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply. |
| Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS) | 0 | Not paid without supporting documentation. |
| Co-surgeons (62) | 0 | Not permitted. |
| Team surgery (66) | 0 | Not permitted. |
| Professional/technical | 1 | Diagnostic test with separate professional (26) and technical (TC) components. |
What modifiers do to the payment
Modifier 26 · payment effect
With and without the modifier
88312 without 26 · national office
$109.55
Special stain, group I, microorganisms
88312-26 · Professional component
$25.05
Pays only the interpretation and report.
How 88312 has changed in Virginia
88312 · Office / nonfacility
$107.72
Effective 2026-10-01
The base rate is $1.00 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $106.72 to $107.72 (0.9%).
It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.
One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.
What changed, release by release
January 1, 2026
RVU26A
$106.72changed to$107.72
- Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
- Work RVU 0.54 changed to 0.53
- Practice expense RVU 2.78 changed to 2.72
- Work GPCI 1.002 changed to 1.000
- Practice expense GPCI 0.984 changed to 0.983
- Malpractice GPCI 0.755 changed to 0.706
Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.
January 1, 2025
RVU25A
$110.88changed to$106.72
- Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
- Practice expense RVU 2.82 changed to 2.78
- Malpractice RVU 0.02 changed to 0.03
Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.
March 9, 2024
RVU24AR
$109.07changed to$110.88
- Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875
Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.
January 1, 2024
RVU24A
$112.46changed to$109.07
- Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
- Practice expense RVU 2.79 changed to 2.82
- Work GPCI 1.000 changed to 1.002
- Practice expense GPCI 0.990 changed to 0.984
- Malpractice GPCI 0.826 changed to 0.755
January 1, 2023
RVU23A
$114.00changed to$112.46
- Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
- Practice expense RVU 2.75 changed to 2.79
- Practice expense GPCI 0.995 changed to 0.990
- Malpractice GPCI 0.897 changed to 0.826
Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.
January 1, 2022
RVU22A
$112.51changed to$114.00
- Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
- Practice expense RVU 2.68 changed to 2.75
Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.
January 1, 2021
RVU21A
$106.33changed to$112.51
- Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
- Practice expense RVU 2.41 changed to 2.68
- Practice expense GPCI 0.991 changed to 0.995
- Malpractice GPCI 0.903 changed to 0.897
Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.
January 1, 2020
RVU20A
$100.78changed to$106.33
- Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
- Practice expense RVU 2.27 changed to 2.41
- Practice expense GPCI 0.986 changed to 0.991
- Malpractice GPCI 0.908 changed to 0.903
Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.
January 1, 2019
RVU19A
$98.18changed to$100.78
- Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
- Practice expense RVU 2.20 changed to 2.27
Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.
January 1, 2018
RVU18AR1
$98.48changed to$98.18
- Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
- Practice expense RVU 2.22 changed to 2.20
- Practice expense GPCI 0.985 changed to 0.986
- Malpractice GPCI 0.866 changed to 0.908
Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.
January 1, 2017
RVU17A
$97.35changed to$98.48
- Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
- Practice expense RVU 2.20 changed to 2.22
- Practice expense GPCI 0.983 changed to 0.985
- Malpractice GPCI 0.824 changed to 0.866
Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.
January 1, 2016
RVU16A
$96.65changed to$97.35
- Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
- Practice expense RVU 2.17 changed to 2.20
Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.
July 1, 2015
RVU15C
$96.17changed to$96.65
- Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335
Held through RVU15D.
January 1, 2015
RVU15A
$92.92changed to$96.17
- Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
- Practice expense RVU 2.08 changed to 2.17
- Practice expense GPCI 0.980 changed to 0.983
- Malpractice GPCI 0.778 changed to 0.824
Held through RVU15B.
January 1, 2014
RVU14A
$95.66changed to$92.92
- Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
- Practice expense RVU 2.31 changed to 2.08
- Practice expense GPCI 0.977 changed to 0.980
- Malpractice GPCI 0.731 changed to 0.778
Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.
January 1, 2013
RVU13AR
Earliest loaded release: $95.66
Held through RVU13B, RVU13C, RVU13D.
| Effective from | Office | Facility | CMS release |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-01 | $107.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU26D |
| 2026-07-01 | $107.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU26C |
| 2026-04-01 | $107.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU26B |
| 2026-01-01 | $107.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU26A |
| 2025-10-01 | $106.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU25D |
| 2025-07-01 | $106.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU25C |
| 2025-04-01 | $106.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU25B |
| 2025-01-01 | $106.72 | Not available in this setting | RVU25A |
| 2024-10-01 | $110.88 | Not available in this setting | RVU24D |
| 2024-07-01 | $110.88 | Not available in this setting | RVU24C |
| 2024-04-01 | $110.88 | Not available in this setting | RVU24B |
| 2024-03-09 | $110.88 | Not available in this setting | RVU24AR |
| 2024-01-01 | $109.07 | Not available in this setting | RVU24A |
| 2023-10-01 | $112.46 | Not available in this setting | RVU23D |
| 2023-07-01 | $112.46 | Not available in this setting | RVU23C |
| 2023-04-01 | $112.46 | Not available in this setting | RVU23B |
| 2023-01-01 | $112.46 | Not available in this setting | RVU23A |
| 2022-10-01 | $114.00 | Not available in this setting | RVU22D |
| 2022-07-01 | $114.00 | Not available in this setting | RVU22C |
| 2022-04-01 | $114.00 | Not available in this setting | RVU22B |
| 2022-01-01 | $114.00 | Not available in this setting | RVU22A |
| 2021-10-01 | $112.51 | Not available in this setting | RVU21D |
| 2021-07-01 | $112.51 | Not available in this setting | RVU21C |
| 2021-04-01 | $112.51 | Not available in this setting | RVU21B |
| 2021-01-01 | $112.51 | Not available in this setting | RVU21A |
| 2020-10-01 | $106.33 | Not available in this setting | RVU20D |
| 2020-07-01 | $106.33 | Not available in this setting | RVU20C |
| 2020-04-01 | $106.33 | Not available in this setting | RVU20B |
| 2020-01-01 | $106.33 | Not available in this setting | RVU20A |
| 2019-10-01 | $100.78 | Not available in this setting | RVU19D |
| 2019-07-01 | $100.78 | Not available in this setting | RVU19C |
| 2019-04-01 | $100.78 | Not available in this setting | RVU19B |
| 2019-01-01 | $100.78 | Not available in this setting | RVU19A |
| 2018-10-01 | $98.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU18D |
| 2018-07-01 | $98.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU18C |
| 2018-04-01 | $98.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU18B |
| 2018-01-01 | $98.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU18AR1 |
| 2017-10-01 | $98.48 | Not available in this setting | RVU17D |
| 2017-07-01 | $98.48 | Not available in this setting | RVU17C |
| 2017-04-01 | $98.48 | Not available in this setting | RVU17B |
| 2017-01-01 | $98.48 | Not available in this setting | RVU17A |
| 2016-10-01 | $97.35 | Not available in this setting | RVU16D |
| 2016-07-01 | $97.35 | Not available in this setting | RVU16C |
| 2016-04-01 | $97.35 | Not available in this setting | RVU16B |
| 2016-01-01 | $97.35 | Not available in this setting | RVU16A |
| 2015-10-01 | $96.65 | Not available in this setting | RVU15D |
| 2015-07-01 | $96.65 | Not available in this setting | RVU15C |
| 2015-04-01 | $96.17 | Not available in this setting | RVU15B |
| 2015-01-01 | $96.17 | Not available in this setting | RVU15A |
| 2014-10-01 | $92.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU14D |
| 2014-07-01 | $92.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU14C |
| 2014-04-01 | $92.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU14B |
| 2014-01-01 | $92.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU14A |
| 2013-10-01 | $95.66 | Not available in this setting | RVU13D |
| 2013-07-01 | $95.66 | Not available in this setting | RVU13C |
| 2013-04-01 | $95.66 | Not available in this setting | RVU13B |
| 2013-01-01 | $95.66 | Not available in this setting | RVU13AR |
Where the Virginia rate applies
Virginia is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 628 cities and communities in Virginia. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.
- Abbs Valley
- Abingdon
- Accomac
- Adwolf
- Afton
- Alberta
- Aldie
- Allison Gap
88312 billing questions
How many units are reported when one stain is applied to several blocks from the same specimen?
Report one unit for that stain on that specimen. Additional blocks or slides bearing the same stain do not add units.
How do I choose between 88312 and 88313?
Choose 88312 for a histochemical stain used to identify microorganisms, such as an acid-fast stain or GMS for fungi. Choose 88313 for stains directed at non-organism tissue features, such as iron or reticulin.
Is a distinct-specimen modifier required when the same stain is performed on two specimens?
Report a unit for each separate specimen. Do not append modifier 59 or XS solely because there are two specimens; use a distinct-service modifier only when needed to identify separate work under an applicable edit.
When are modifiers 26 and TC used?
The pathologist billing only the interpretation uses modifier 26; the entity billing only the staining work uses modifier TC. An entity billing both components reports the global service without either modifier.
Is routine H&E staining separately reported with 88312?
No. Routine H&E staining used for microscopic surgical pathology examination is included in that examination. Report 88312 for a separately performed, interpreted Group I special stain.
Does a PAS stain always qualify for 88312?
No. PAS used to look for fungi is a Group I organism stain; PAS used to evaluate a noninfectious feature, such as glycogen or basement membranes, is reported with 88313.
Where these rates come from
FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.
CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027
Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
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