$596.20–$853.24
Both describe open treatment of a toe dislocation, but 28645 is for the metatarsophalangeal joint; this code is for an interphalangeal joint.
On this page
CMS RVU26D · Effective 2026-10-01
28675 Toe dislocation repair Medicare reimbursement rates
Reports open surgical reduction of a dislocated toe interphalangeal joint when exposure is needed to restore alignment, with stabilization when performed. Compare 28675 office and facility rates across CMS payment localities.
Amounts below use the non-QP conversion factor for participating physicians. These are base physician payments before claim-level adjustments, not patient costs or total hospital charges.
What does Medicare pay for 28675?
The service location and office or facility setting determine which base rate applies. These are the supported base rates for the 109 payment areas shown below, using the same CMS release.
Office / nonfacility
$522.73–$765.74
109 of 109 localities have a supported rate.
Lowest: Arkansas
Highest: San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara (San Benito Cnty)
A spread of $243.01 per service.
These are locality ranges, not averages or address-specific quotes. A facility-setting amount covers the physician service; it does not include a hospital’s separate bill. Choose a locality below to inspect its calculation, compare other payment areas, or price a percentage of Medicare.
Where 28675 pays more and less
109 payment localities
$522.73 to $765.74
Orthopedic surgery
About 28675: Open interphalangeal toe dislocation repair
Reports open surgical reduction of a dislocated toe interphalangeal joint when exposure is needed to restore alignment, with stabilization when performed.
This code describes operative exposure and reduction of a dislocated joint between toe phalanges. An orthopedic surgeon or podiatric surgeon may perform the procedure when the joint cannot be adequately reduced or kept aligned with closed treatment, such as when soft tissue blocks reduction or the joint remains unstable. It is generally performed in a surgical setting, and fixation may be used when needed to maintain the reduction.
Select the code based on the joint involved and the operative method: this code is for open treatment of an interphalangeal joint, not an open metatarsophalangeal joint procedure or a closed or percutaneous treatment. The operative report should identify the affected toe and joint, describe the open approach and reduction, and document any stabilization. Medicare assigns a 90-day global period, including the day-before preoperative visit and 90 days of related postoperative care. For multiple procedures in the same session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and others at 50%. Modifier 50 is inappropriate; assistant-at-surgery payment is restricted, and co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.
CMS billing rules for 28675
- Global period
- Major surgery with a 90-day global period: the day-before preoperative visit and 90 days of related postoperative care are included.
- Multiple procedures
- Standard multiple procedure reduction: the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and others at 50% when performed in the same session.
- Bilateral procedures
- Bilateral adjustment does not apply; the descriptor or anatomy makes modifier 50 inappropriate.
- Assistant at surgery
- Statutory restriction: assistant at surgery is not paid.
- Co-surgeons
- Co-surgeons not permitted.
- Team surgery
- Team surgery not permitted.
Where the value comes from
- Work RVU5.48 · 31%
- Practice expense (office) RVU11.42 · 65%
- Malpractice RVU0.70 · 4%
175
Medicare services in 2024 · #4441 by national volume
This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.
28675 compared with similar codes
Office rate ranges across all CMS payment localities, from the same CMS release.
$131.26–$193.87
28660 describes closed treatment of an interphalangeal toe dislocation without anesthesia. Use this code when the joint is treated through an open approach.
$139.99–$196.44
28665 is closed treatment of an interphalangeal toe dislocation with anesthesia, rather than open operative treatment.
No office rate
28666 describes percutaneous skeletal fixation of an interphalangeal toe dislocation. This code applies to open treatment.
See how rates vary across the country
28675 · Office / nonfacility · Non-QP. Choose a state to explore its payment localities. A range means the amount varies within that state.
Explore a state
Local rates. Clear comparisons.
Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.
$522.73
$693.67
Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.
View all state and territory rates as a table
| State / territory | Rate range | Localities |
|---|---|---|
| AK | $693.67 | 1 |
| AL | $530.03 | 1 |
| AR | $522.73 | 1 |
| AZ | $572.66 | 1 |
| CA | $616.74–$765.74 | 29 |
| CO | $609.34 | 1 |
| CT | $625.80 | 1 |
| DC | $668.28 | 1 |
| DE | $581.83 | 1 |
| FL | $582.83–$639.24 | 3 |
| GA | $551.15–$599.21 | 2 |
| GU | $630.27 | 1 |
| HI | $630.27 | 1 |
| IA | $541.34 | 1 |
| ID | $545.02 | 1 |
| IL | $567.83–$621.32 | 4 |
| IN | $547.99 | 1 |
| KS | $539.64 | 1 |
| KY | $543.53 | 1 |
| LA | $543.01–$568.53 | 2 |
| MA | $606.25–$666.79 | 2 |
| MD | $592.35–$668.28 | 3 |
| ME | $548.50–$575.80 | 2 |
| MI | $557.69–$590.54 | 2 |
| MN | $582.46 | 1 |
| MO | $534.61–$569.59 | 3 |
| MS | $528.73 | 1 |
| MT | $587.81 | 1 |
| NC | $553.86 | 1 |
| ND | $573.97 | 1 |
| NE | $543.94 | 1 |
| NH | $600.57 | 1 |
| NJ | $632.54–$662.01 | 2 |
| NM | $560.90 | 1 |
| NV | $584.33 | 1 |
| NY | $561.84–$691.70 | 5 |
| OH | $554.86 | 1 |
| OK | $541.83 | 1 |
| OR | $579.39–$627.14 | 2 |
| PA | $555.29–$611.30 | 2 |
| PR | $591.70 | 1 |
| RI | $601.40 | 1 |
| SC | $555.36 | 1 |
| SD | $572.33 | 1 |
| TN | $542.32 | 1 |
| TX | $551.87–$607.68 | 8 |
| UT | $562.58 | 1 |
| VA | $574.50–$668.28 | 2 |
| VI | $591.70 | 1 |
| VT | $572.49 | 1 |
| WA | $604.86–$679.32 | 2 |
| WI | $555.66 | 1 |
| WV | $547.96 | 1 |
| WY | $581.78 | 1 |
Compare 28675 by payment locality
Find the payment area for your service address, then open its rate page for calculation inputs, release history and the percentage-of-Medicare tool. A city may cross payment-area boundaries; the ZIP lookup above helps resolve the location.
109 of 109 payment localities
| Payment locality | Office | Facility |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Office $530.03 | Facility $360.52 |
| Alaska* | Office $693.67 | Facility $487.35 |
| Arizona | Office $572.66 | Facility $384.94 |
| Arkansas | Office $522.73 | Facility $356.32 |
| Atlanta | Office $599.21 | Facility $402.38 |
| Austin | Office $607.68 | Facility $402.72 |
| Bakersfield | Office $618.81 | Facility $406.49 |
| Baltimore/Surr. Cntys | Office $624.17 | Facility $416.30 |
| Beaumont | Office $551.87 | Facility $375.58 |
| Brazoria | Office $580.74 | Facility $388.76 |
| Chicago | Office $621.32 | Facility $426.63 |
| Chico | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Colorado | Office $609.34 | Facility $403.22 |
| Connecticut | Office $625.80 | Facility $417.16 |
| Dallas | Office $584.66 | Facility $391.71 |
| Dc + Md/Va Suburbs | Office $668.28 | Facility $440.07 |
| Delaware | Office $581.83 | Facility $390.43 |
| Detroit | Office $590.54 | Facility $403.60 |
| East St. Louis | Office $581.05 | Facility $402.82 |
| El Centro | Office $616.85 | Facility $404.53 |
| Fort Lauderdale | Office $611.71 | Facility $415.46 |
| Fort Worth | Office $581.15 | Facility $390.13 |
| Fresno | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Galveston | Office $582.63 | Facility $390.26 |
| Hanford-Corcoran | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Hawaii, Guam | Office $630.27 | Facility $410.00 |
| Houston | Office $595.44 | Facility $403.07 |
| Idaho | Office $545.02 | Facility $366.79 |
| Indiana | Office $547.99 | Facility $368.41 |
| Iowa | Office $541.34 | Facility $364.08 |
| Kansas | Office $539.64 | Facility $364.51 |
| Kentucky | Office $543.53 | Facility $371.31 |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim (Los Angeles/Orange Cnty) | Office $657.31 | Facility $428.13 |
| Madera | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Manhattan | Office $675.06 | Facility $449.96 |
| Merced | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Metropolitan Boston | Office $666.79 | Facility $435.48 |
| Metropolitan Kansas City | Office $564.05 | Facility $382.14 |
| Metropolitan Philadelphia | Office $611.30 | Facility $409.63 |
| Metropolitan St. Louis | Office $569.59 | Facility $385.17 |
| Miami | Office $639.24 | Facility $437.58 |
| Minnesota | Office $582.46 | Facility $383.11 |
| Mississippi | Office $528.73 | Facility $361.94 |
| Modesto | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Montana** | Office $587.81 | Facility $394.08 |
| Napa | Office $709.18 | Facility $453.85 |
| Nebraska | Office $543.94 | Facility $365.13 |
| Nevada** | Office $584.33 | Facility $390.41 |
| New Hampshire | Office $600.57 | Facility $398.90 |
| New Mexico | Office $560.90 | Facility $383.25 |
| New Orleans | Office $568.53 | Facility $386.24 |
| North Carolina | Office $553.86 | Facility $373.11 |
| North Dakota** | Office $573.97 | Facility $380.24 |
| Northern Nj | Office $662.01 | Facility $437.29 |
| Nyc Suburbs/Long Island | Office $691.70 | Facility $461.36 |
| Ohio | Office $554.86 | Facility $377.99 |
| Oklahoma | Office $541.83 | Facility $368.83 |
| Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura | Office $653.59 | Facility $424.60 |
| Portland | Office $627.14 | Facility $411.91 |
| Poughkpsie/N Nyc Suburbs | Office $637.24 | Facility $425.11 |
| Puerto Rico | Office $591.70 | Facility $395.84 |
| Queens | Office $679.33 | Facility $450.34 |
| Redding | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Rest Of California | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Rest Of Florida | Office $582.83 | Facility $397.63 |
| Rest Of Georgia | Office $551.15 | Facility $378.35 |
| Rest Of Illinois | Office $567.83 | Facility $390.96 |
| Rest Of Louisiana | Office $543.01 | Facility $371.56 |
| Rest Of Maine | Office $548.50 | Facility $370.28 |
| Rest Of Maryland | Office $592.35 | Facility $396.30 |
| Rest Of Massachusetts | Office $606.25 | Facility $402.26 |
| Rest Of Michigan | Office $557.69 | Facility $380.82 |
| Rest Of Missouri | Office $534.61 | Facility $367.62 |
| Rest Of New Jersey | Office $632.54 | Facility $420.99 |
| Rest Of New York | Office $561.84 | Facility $377.80 |
| Rest Of Oregon | Office $579.39 | Facility $386.44 |
| Rest Of Pennsylvania | Office $555.29 | Facility $377.45 |
| Rest Of Texas | Office $566.13 | Facility $382.29 |
| Rest Of Washington | Office $604.86 | Facility $400.87 |
| Rhode Island | Office $601.40 | Facility $401.28 |
| Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario | Office $624.33 | Facility $412.01 |
| Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom | Office $645.77 | Facility $420.47 |
| Salinas | Office $643.33 | Facility $418.80 |
| San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad | Office $657.40 | Facility $425.71 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley (Marin Cnty) | Office $748.99 | Facility $475.83 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley (San Francisco/San Mateo/Alameda/Contra Costa Cnty) | Office $748.19 | Facility $475.04 |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara (San Benito Cnty) | Office $765.74 | Facility $486.39 |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara (Santa Clara Cnty) | Office $762.49 | Facility $483.14 |
| San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles | Office $633.14 | Facility $412.49 |
| Santa Cruz-Watsonville | Office $662.86 | Facility $427.48 |
| Santa Maria-Santa Barbara | Office $645.45 | Facility $419.57 |
| Santa Rosa-Petaluma | Office $669.47 | Facility $431.57 |
| Seattle (King Cnty) | Office $679.32 | Facility $441.61 |
| South Carolina | Office $555.36 | Facility $376.36 |
| South Dakota** | Office $572.33 | Facility $378.61 |
| Southern Maine | Office $575.80 | Facility $383.81 |
| Stockton | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| Suburban Chicago | Office $617.49 | Facility $418.53 |
| Tennessee | Office $542.32 | Facility $366.22 |
| Utah | Office $562.58 | Facility $380.48 |
| Vallejo | Office $708.04 | Facility $452.71 |
| Vermont | Office $572.49 | Facility $380.70 |
| Virgin Islands | Office $591.70 | Facility $395.84 |
| Virginia | Office $574.50 | Facility $384.07 |
| Visalia | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
| West Virginia | Office $547.96 | Facility $379.62 |
| Wisconsin | Office $555.66 | Facility $370.07 |
| Wyoming** | Office $581.78 | Facility $388.05 |
| Yuba City | Office $616.74 | Facility $404.41 |
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28675 billing questions
When should this code be selected instead of 28645?
Use this code for open treatment of a dislocation between toe phalanges. Code 28645 is for open treatment of a metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation.
How does this differ from 28660, 28665, or 28666?
Those codes describe closed or percutaneous treatment of an interphalangeal toe joint dislocation. This code is for open treatment.
Does the 90-day global include postoperative visits?
Yes. The global period includes the day-before preoperative visit and 90 days of related postoperative care.
Can modifier 50 be used for dislocations on both feet?
No. The CMS bilateral adjustment does not apply to this code, and modifier 50 is inappropriate.
Can an assistant surgeon or co-surgeon be reported?
Medicare payment for an assistant at surgery is restricted for this code. Co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.
What documentation supports reporting this code?
Document the affected toe and interphalangeal joint, the open operative approach, the reduction performed, and any stabilization used.
Where these rates come from
FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense, and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indices and the applicable conversion factor. Unavailable or separately priced services are labeled rather than assigned a made-up amount.
Source: RVU26D. Effective 2026-10-01 through the day before 2027-01-01.
3,24128660,,Treat toe dislocation,A,,1.25,2.97,,1.52,,0.25,4.47,3.02,0,010,0.10,0.80,0.10,2,0,1,0,0,9,,33.4009,09,0,99,0.00,0.00,0.00
3,24228665,,Treat toe dislocation,A,,1.92,2.53,,1.48,,0.19,4.64,3.59,0,010,0.10,0.80,0.10,2,0,0,0,0,9,,33.4009,09,0,99,0.00,0.00,0.00
3,24328666,,Treat toe dislocation,A,,2.59,2.11,NA,2.11,,0.21,4.91,4.91,0,010,0.10,0.80,0.10,2,0,1,2,0,9,,33.4009,09,0,99,0.00,0.00,0.00
3,24428675,,Repair of toe dislocation,A,,5.48,11.42,,5.62,,0.70,17.60,11.80,0,090,0.10,0.69,0.21,2,0,1,0,0,9,,33.4009,09,0,99,0.00,0.00,0.00
3,24528705,,Arthrodesis pantalar,A,,19.82,10.20,NA,10.20,,3.11,33.13,33.13,0,090,0.10,0.69,0.21,2,1,2,1,0,9,,33.4009,09,0,99,0.00,0.00,0.00
3,24628715,,Arthrodesis triple,A,,13.08,11.02,NA,11.02,,2.36,26.46,26.46,0,090,0.10,0.69,0.21,2,1,2,1,0,9,,33.4009,09,0,99,0.00,0.00,0.00
3,24728725,,Arthrodesis subtalar,A,,10.94,9.04,NA,9.04,,1.85,21.83,21.83,0,090,0.10,0.69,0.21,2,1,2,1,0,9,,33.4009,09,0,99,0.00,0.00,0.00