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CPT code 28108: Toe bone lesion, phalanx of the foot2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in Minnesota

Reports operative removal or curettage of a benign bone lesion in a toe phalanx, rather than a lesion in the metatarsal or tarsal bones.

CMS RVU26DEffective Oct 1, 2026One payment locality994 Medicare services in 2024

In Minnesota, Medicare pays $429.37 for 28108 in the office and $267.83 when it’s performed in a hospital or facility.

$429.37Office (non-facility)
$267.83Hospital or facility
−0.4%vs the national office rate ($431.21)

Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 28108 nationwide

Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.

We’ll open 28108 for the payment locality that covers the ZIP.

On this page 11 sections
  1. Rate in Minnesota
  2. What 28108 covers
  3. Compared with other areas
  4. Rate map
  5. How it’s calculated
  6. Payment rules
  7. Related codes
  8. Rate history
  9. Where it applies
  10. Billing questions
  11. Sources

What 28108 covers

This service covers operative removal or curettage of a benign bone cyst or tumor in a toe phalanx. An orthopedic surgeon or podiatrist may perform it when a lesion in the toe bone requires surgical treatment. The surgeon identifies the involved phalanx, exposes the lesion, and removes or curettes the affected bone tissue. The code is specific to a lesion in a toe bone; a soft-tissue mass on the toe is a different service.

Select the code by the involved bone and the procedure documented, distinguishing a toe phalanx from a metatarsal or tarsal bone. The operative report should identify the toe and phalanx, describe the lesion and the removal or curettage performed, and support that the target was bone. CMS assigns a 90-day global period, including the day-before preoperative visit and 90 days of related postoperative care. For multiple procedures in one session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and other procedures are subject to the standard 50% reduction. Modifier 50 is inappropriate. Assistant-at-surgery payment is statutorily restricted; co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.

How Minnesota compares for 28108

Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 28108 runs from $385.31 in Arkansas to $562.63 in San Benito County, CA. Minnesota pays $429.37. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.

28108 in Minnesota vs other payment areas
  1. Minnesota · this page$429.37
  2. Los Angeles, CA · California$482.96+$53.59
  3. Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$489.69+$60.32
  4. Miami, FL · Florida$464.02+$34.65
  5. Chicago, IL · Illinois$451.74+$22.37
  6. Manhattan, NY · New York$493.29+$63.92
  7. Alaska · Alaska$512.90+$83.53

Other areas in Minnesota first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.

Every other payment area

28108 in every other Medicare payment locality
Payment localityOfficeFacility
AlabamaAlabama$390.46$253.10
ArkansasArkansas$385.31$250.46
ArizonaArizona$420.59$268.47
Bakersfield, CACalifornia$454.99$282.94
Chico, CACalifornia$453.69$281.63
El Centro, CACalifornia$453.76$281.70
Fresno, CACalifornia$453.69$281.63
Hanford, CACalifornia$453.69$281.63

28108 rates by state

Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.

MEWIVTNHMTNDMNMINYMARIWAIDWYSDIAILINOHPANJCTORNVUTCONEMOKYWVVAMDDECAAZNMKSOKARTNNCSCDCTXLAMSALGAFLAKHI

Explore a state

Local rates. Clear comparisons.

Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.

$385.31

$512.90

Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.

View every state and territory as a table
28108 office rate range by state
State / territoryOffice rate rangeLocalities
AK$512.901
AL$390.461
AR$385.311
AZ$420.591
CA$453.69–$562.6329
CO$447.561
CT$458.301
DC$489.691
DE$427.161
FL$426.06–$464.023
GA$403.96–$438.882
GU$463.281
HI$463.281
IA$399.181
ID$401.631
IL$414.98–$451.744
IN$403.761
KS$397.631
KY$399.241
LA$398.74–$416.762
MA$445.29–$489.182
MD$434.78–$489.693
ME$403.72–$423.532
MI$408.90–$431.132
MN$429.371
MO$392.58–$417.933
MS$389.011
MT$431.181
NC$407.571
ND$422.871
NE$401.131
NH$440.821
NJ$463.67–$485.332
NM$411.021
NV$429.141
NY$413.18–$504.585
OH$407.201
OK$398.411
OR$425.93–$460.632
PA$407.70–$447.802
PR$434.041
RI$441.501
SC$408.031
SD$421.891
TN$399.481
TX$405.26–$445.978
UT$413.141
VA$422.37–$489.692
VI$434.041
VT$421.501
WA$444.37–$498.572
WI$409.851
WV$400.941
WY$427.561

See 28108 in every payment locality

How the 28108 rate is calculated

Each of 28108’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.

How the rate is built · 28108

RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor

Office or facility?

Work4.19

4.19 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Practice expense8.30

8.30 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Malpractice0.42

0.42 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Adjusted RVUs

12.9100

Conversion factor

$33.4009

Medicare rate

$431.21

Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.

The exact Minnesota inputs and CMS source lines

PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv

3,123

Code
28108
Physician work
4.19
Practice expense
8.30
Malpractice
0.42

GPCI2026.csv

66

Locality
Minnesota
Physician work
1.000
Practice expense
1.029
Malpractice
0.296
Office calculation for 28108 in Minnesota
ComponentRVULocality factorAdjusted
Physician work4.19× 1.0004.1900
Practice expense8.30× 1.0298.5407
Malpractice0.42× 0.2960.1243
Total RVUs12.8550
Conversion factor× 33.4009

Office rate, Minnesota$429.37

Office: (4.19 × 1 + 8.3 × 1.029 + 0.42 × 0.296) × $33.4009 = $429.37

Facility: (4.19 × 1 + 3.6 × 1.029 + 0.42 × 0.296) × $33.4009 = $267.83

Open 28108 in the RVU calculator

Payment rules and modifiers for 28108

28108 has a 90-day global period: related visits in that window are included in the surgery payment.

CMS payment indicators · 28108

Toe bone lesion, phalanx of the foot

RuleCMS valueWhat it means
Global period090Major surgery: the day before, the day of, and 90 days after are included.
Multiple procedures2Standard reduction: highest-valued procedure at 100%, others at 50%.
Bilateral (modifier 50)0The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply.
Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS)1Not paid (statutory restriction).
Co-surgeons (62)0Not permitted.
Team surgery (66)0Not permitted.
Professional/technical0Physician service: no professional/technical split.
Split (54/55/56)0.10/0.69/0.21Share of the payment for pre-op, the procedure itself, and post-op care.

Global surgery period · 28108

Toe bone lesion, phalanx of the foot

90-day global period ends

Dec 30, 2026

Covers Sep 30, 2026 through Dec 30, 2026 (92 days, including the day before surgery).

Visit on Oct 31, 2026

Day 30 of the 90-day post-op period: related follow-up care is included in the surgical payment.

  • 24Unrelated E/M visit by the same physician
  • 79Unrelated procedure (starts its own global period)
  • 58Staged, more extensive, or therapy procedure that was planned
  • 78Unplanned return to the operating room for a related complication
SurgeryVisit
Sep 23, 2026Jan 10, 2027

Pre-op dayGlobal period

What modifiers do to the payment

Modifier 51 · payment effect

With and without the modifier

28108 without 51 · national office

$431.21

Toe bone lesion, phalanx of the foot

28108-51 · Second procedure: 50%

$215.61

When this isn’t the highest-valued procedure in the session, Medicare pays 50% of its fee schedule amount (the highest is paid at 100%).

When to use modifier 51

Codes related to 28108

Related codes aren’t interchangeable: bill the code that matches the service performed.

Codes related to 28108
CodeHow it relatesOffice range, Minnesota
Same family
28104Bone lesion excision, tarsal or metatarsal, without graftCovers a benign bone lesion in specified tarsal bones rather than a toe phalanx.$535.80
28106Foot bone lesion, tarsal or metatarsal, autograftCovers a benign bone lesion in a metatarsal rather than a toe phalanx.No office rate
28107Bone lesion surgery, tarsal or metatarsal, allograftRelated metatarsal bone-lesion service; select according to the involved bone and documented procedure.$495.18
Used instead
28124Toe bone excision, partial phalanx excisionDescribes partial excision of toe bone, rather than removal or curettage of a benign lesion.$471.81
28126Toe bone excision, complete phalanx removalDescribes partial excision of a toe; distinguish the resection performed from focal lesion treatment.$385.60

How 28108 has changed in Minnesota

28108 · Office / nonfacility

$429.37

Effective 2026-10-01

The base rate is $10.88 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $418.49 to $429.37 (2.6%).

It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.

Base rate by release · bars start at $0 · select a bar to compare

One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.

What changed, release by release

  1. January 1, 2026

    RVU26A

    $418.49changed to$429.37

    • Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
    • Work RVU 4.30 changed to 4.19
    • Practice expense RVU 8.31 changed to 8.30
    • Malpractice RVU 0.40 changed to 0.42
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.025 changed to 1.029
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.300 changed to 0.296

    Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.

  2. January 1, 2025

    RVU25A

    $431.35changed to$418.49

    • Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
    • Practice expense RVU 8.33 changed to 8.31

    Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.

  3. March 9, 2024

    RVU24AR

    $424.31changed to$431.35

    • Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875

    Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.

  4. January 1, 2024

    RVU24A

    $433.76changed to$424.31

    • Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
    • Practice expense RVU 8.22 changed to 8.33
    • Malpractice RVU 0.38 changed to 0.40
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.019 changed to 1.025
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.326 changed to 0.300

  5. January 1, 2023

    RVU23A

    $438.70changed to$433.76

    • Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
    • Practice expense RVU 8.13 changed to 8.22
    • Malpractice RVU 0.40 changed to 0.38
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.013 changed to 1.019
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.353 changed to 0.326

    Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.

  6. January 1, 2022

    RVU22A

    $446.81changed to$438.70

    • Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
    • Practice expense RVU 8.26 changed to 8.13
    • Malpractice RVU 0.39 changed to 0.40

    Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.

  7. January 1, 2021

    RVU21A

    $451.06changed to$446.81

    • Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
    • Practice expense RVU 7.96 changed to 8.26
    • Malpractice RVU 0.40 changed to 0.39
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.012 changed to 1.013
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.357 changed to 0.353

    Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.

  8. January 1, 2020

    RVU20A

    $453.83changed to$451.06

    • Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
    • Practice expense RVU 8.07 changed to 7.96
    • Malpractice RVU 0.37 changed to 0.40
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.011 changed to 1.012
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.362 changed to 0.357

    Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.

  9. January 1, 2019

    RVU19A

    $453.33changed to$453.83

    • Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391

    Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.

  10. January 1, 2018

    RVU18AR1

    $452.01changed to$453.33

    • Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
    • Practice expense RVU 8.04 changed to 8.07
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.016 changed to 1.011
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.341 changed to 0.362

    Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.

  11. January 1, 2017

    RVU17A

    $452.17changed to$452.01

    • Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
    • Practice expense RVU 8.05 changed to 8.04
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.020 changed to 1.016
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.319 changed to 0.341

    Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.

  12. January 1, 2016

    RVU16A

    $456.35changed to$452.17

    • Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
    • Practice expense RVU 8.11 changed to 8.05
    • Malpractice RVU 0.40 changed to 0.37

    Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.

  13. July 1, 2015

    RVU15C

    $454.08changed to$456.35

    • Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335

    Held through RVU15D.

  14. January 1, 2015

    RVU15A

    $448.36changed to$454.08

    • Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
    • Practice expense RVU 7.98 changed to 8.11
    • Malpractice RVU 0.36 changed to 0.40
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.016 changed to 1.020
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.301 changed to 0.319

    Held through RVU15B.

  15. January 1, 2014

    RVU14A

    $449.15changed to$448.36

    • Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
    • Practice expense RVU 8.69 changed to 7.98
    • Malpractice RVU 0.38 changed to 0.36
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.012 changed to 1.016
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.282 changed to 0.301

    Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.

  16. October 1, 2013

    RVU13D

    No ratechanged to$449.15

  17. January 1, 2013

    RVU13AR

    Earliest loaded release: No rate

    Held through RVU13B, RVU13C.

Rates in every CMS release
Effective fromOfficeFacilityCMS release
2026-10-01$429.37$267.83RVU26D
2026-07-01$429.37$267.83RVU26C
2026-04-01$429.37$267.83RVU26B
2026-01-01$429.37$267.83RVU26A
2025-10-01$418.49$280.57RVU25D
2025-07-01$418.49$280.57RVU25C
2025-04-01$418.49$280.57RVU25B
2025-01-01$418.49$280.57RVU25A
2024-10-01$431.35$285.32RVU24D
2024-07-01$431.35$285.32RVU24C
2024-04-01$431.35$285.32RVU24B
2024-03-09$431.35$285.32RVU24AR
2024-01-01$424.31$280.66RVU24A
2023-10-01$433.76$284.58RVU23D
2023-07-01$433.76$284.58RVU23C
2023-04-01$433.76$284.58RVU23B
2023-01-01$433.76$284.58RVU23A
2022-10-01$438.70$285.15RVU22D
2022-07-01$438.70$285.15RVU22C
2022-04-01$438.70$285.15RVU22B
2022-01-01$438.70$285.15RVU22A
2021-10-01$446.81$284.92RVU21D
2021-07-01$446.81$284.92RVU21C
2021-04-01$446.81$284.92RVU21B
2021-01-01$446.81$284.92RVU21A
2020-10-01$451.06$291.46RVU20D
2020-07-01$451.06$291.46RVU20C
2020-04-01$451.06$291.46RVU20B
2020-01-01$451.06$291.46RVU20A
2019-10-01$453.83$292.06RVU19D
2019-07-01$453.83$292.06RVU19C
2019-04-01$453.83$292.06RVU19B
2019-01-01$453.83$292.06RVU19A
2018-10-01$453.33$291.74RVU18D
2018-07-01$453.33$291.74RVU18C
2018-04-01$453.33$291.74RVU18B
2018-01-01$453.33$291.74RVU18AR1
2017-10-01$452.01$291.21RVU17D
2017-07-01$452.01$291.21RVU17C
2017-04-01$452.01$291.21RVU17B
2017-01-01$452.01$291.21RVU17A
2016-10-01$452.17$290.39RVU16D
2016-07-01$452.17$290.39RVU16C
2016-04-01$452.17$290.39RVU16B
2016-01-01$452.17$290.39RVU16A
2015-10-01$456.35$292.15RVU15D
2015-07-01$456.35$292.15RVU15C
2015-04-01$454.08$290.69RVU15B
2015-01-01$454.08$290.69RVU15A
2014-10-01$448.36$289.31RVU14D
2014-07-01$448.36$289.31RVU14C
2014-04-01$448.36$289.31RVU14B
2014-01-01$448.36$289.31RVU14A
2013-10-01$449.15$283.88RVU13D
2013-07-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13C
2013-04-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13B
2013-01-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13AR

Price 28108 for an earlier date of service

Where the Minnesota rate applies

Minnesota is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 916 cities and communities in Minnesota. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.

  • Ada
  • Adams
  • Adrian
  • Afton
  • Aitkin
  • Akeley
  • Albany
  • Albert Lea

Browse all communities in Minnesota

28108 billing questions

How does this differ from removal of a metatarsal lesion?

This code is for a lesion in a toe phalanx. A lesion in a metatarsal is reported with the applicable metatarsal lesion code, such as 28106 or 28107.

Can this code be used for a soft-tissue mass on a toe?

No. The operative service described here targets a bone lesion in a toe phalanx, not a skin or soft-tissue mass.

Is the related preoperative visit or postoperative care separately included?

The 90-day global period includes the day-before preoperative visit and 90 days of related postoperative care.

Should modifier 50 be appended when lesions are treated on both feet?

No. CMS identifies bilateral adjustment as inappropriate for this code. The descriptor or anatomy does not support modifier 50.

How are other procedures in the same session paid?

CMS pays the highest-valued procedure in full and applies the standard multiple procedure reduction to the other procedures. Assistant-at-surgery payment is statutorily restricted, and co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

What operative documentation supports reporting this code?

Document the involved toe and phalanx, the bone lesion treated, and the removal or curettage performed. The record should make clear that the target was in bone rather than soft tissue.

Where these rates come from

FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.

CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027

Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
RVUs for 28108PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv, line 3,123 (RVU26D)
Geographic factors for MinnesotaGPCI2026.csv, line 66 (RVU26D)

Open CMS sourceHow we calculate rates

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