CPT code 31512: Laryngeal lesion removal, indirect laryngoscopy2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in South Dakota
Report 31512 when a clinician uses indirect laryngoscopic visualization to remove a lesion from the larynx, rather than only examining or biopsying it.
In South Dakota, Medicare pays $210.34 for 31512 in the office and $106.13 when it’s performed in a hospital or facility.
Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 31512 nationwide
Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.
On this page 11 sections
What 31512 covers
An otolaryngologist typically performs this service when an identified laryngeal lesion can be reached and removed under indirect visualization. The clinician views the larynx indirectly and uses an instrument to remove the lesion; this differs from a diagnostic examination alone or a procedure performed with direct operative laryngoscopy. The service may be provided in an office or another setting appropriate to the patient and procedure.
Choose the code for removal, not for inspection alone, biopsy alone, or removal of a foreign body. The operative note should identify the laryngeal lesion, document its removal, and support the indirect approach. This minor procedure has a 0-day global period, so same-day preoperative and postoperative care is included. When related endoscopies are performed together, CMS endoscopy-family pricing applies. Modifier 50 is inappropriate for this code. Assistant-at-surgery payment requires documentation of medical necessity; co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.
This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.
How South Dakota compares for 31512
Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 31512 runs from $192.39 in Arkansas to $281.41 in San Benito County, CA. South Dakota pays $210.34. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.
- South Dakota · this page$210.34
- Los Angeles, CA · California$241.83+$31.49
- Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$246.36+$36.02
- Miami, FL · Florida$237.31+$26.97
- Chicago, IL · Illinois$230.49+$20.15
- Manhattan, NY · New York$249.38+$39.04
- Alaska · Alaska$255.23+$44.89
Other areas in South Dakota first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.
Every other payment area
| Payment locality | Office | Facility |
|---|---|---|
| AlabamaAlabama | $195.12 | $103.93 |
| ArkansasArkansas | $192.39 | $102.87 |
| ArizonaArizona | $211.05 | $110.07 |
| Bakersfield, CACalifornia | $227.67 | $113.45 |
| Chico, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| El Centro, CACalifornia | $226.88 | $112.66 |
| Fresno, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Hanford, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Madera, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Merced, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Modesto, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Napa, CACalifornia | $260.65 | $123.30 |
| Oxnard, CACalifornia | $240.42 | $117.24 |
| Redding, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Rest of CaliforniaCalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Riverside, CACalifornia | $229.97 | $115.75 |
| Sacramento, CACalifornia | $237.46 | $116.27 |
| Salinas, CACalifornia | $236.57 | $115.79 |
| San Diego, CACalifornia | $241.72 | $117.09 |
| Marin County, CACalifornia | $275.18 | $128.25 |
| San Francisco, CACalifornia | $274.85 | $127.92 |
| San Benito County, CACalifornia | $281.41 | $131.14 |
| Santa Clara County, CACalifornia | $280.06 | $129.79 |
| San Luis Obispo, CACalifornia | $232.83 | $114.13 |
| Santa Cruz, CACalifornia | $243.71 | $117.10 |
| Santa Maria, CACalifornia | $237.34 | $115.83 |
| Santa Rosa, CACalifornia | $246.13 | $118.16 |
| Stockton, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Vallejo, CACalifornia | $260.18 | $122.83 |
| Visalia, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| Yuba City, CACalifornia | $226.83 | $112.61 |
| ColoradoColorado | $224.40 | $113.52 |
| ConnecticutConnecticut | $230.91 | $118.67 |
| DelawareDelaware | $214.46 | $111.50 |
| Fort Lauderdale, FLFlorida | $226.41 | $120.85 |
| Rest of FloridaFlorida | $215.50 | $115.88 |
| Atlanta, GAGeorgia | $221.16 | $115.28 |
| Rest of GeorgiaGeorgia | $203.55 | $110.60 |
| Hawaii, Guam, HIHawaii | $231.82 | $113.33 |
| IowaIowa | $199.06 | $103.71 |
| IdahoIdaho | $200.50 | $104.62 |
| East St. Louis, ILIllinois | $215.42 | $119.55 |
| Rest of IllinoisIllinois | $210.08 | $114.93 |
| Suburban Chicago, ILIllinois | $228.49 | $121.47 |
| IndianaIndiana | $201.60 | $105.00 |
| KansasKansas | $198.56 | $104.36 |
| KentuckyKentucky | $200.45 | $107.81 |
| New Orleans, LALouisiana | $209.85 | $111.79 |
| Rest of LouisianaLouisiana | $200.31 | $108.08 |
| Metropolitan Boston, MAMassachusetts | $245.56 | $121.13 |
| Rest of MassachusettsMassachusetts | $223.28 | $113.55 |
| Baltimore area, MDMaryland | $230.34 | $118.52 |
| Rest of MarylandMaryland | $218.33 | $112.87 |
| Rest of MaineMaine | $201.94 | $106.07 |
| Southern Maine, MEMaine | $211.94 | $108.67 |
| Detroit, MIMichigan | $218.53 | $117.97 |
| Rest of MichiganMichigan | $205.87 | $110.73 |
| MinnesotaMinnesota | $214.00 | $106.77 |
| Metropolitan Kansas City, MOMissouri | $208.03 | $110.18 |
| Metropolitan St. Louis, MOMissouri | $210.09 | $110.88 |
| Rest of MissouriMissouri | $197.25 | $107.42 |
| MississippiMississippi | $194.84 | $105.11 |
| MontanaMontana | $216.75 | $112.54 |
| North CarolinaNorth Carolina | $203.92 | $106.69 |
| North DakotaNorth Dakota | $211.02 | $106.81 |
| NebraskaNebraska | $200.00 | $103.81 |
| New HampshireNew Hampshire | $221.29 | $112.80 |
| Northern New JerseyNew Jersey | $244.02 | $123.14 |
| Rest of New JerseyNew Jersey | $233.25 | $119.46 |
| New MexicoNew Mexico | $207.13 | $111.57 |
| NevadaNevada | $215.29 | $110.98 |
| NYC suburbs and Long Island, NYNew York | $255.78 | $131.87 |
| Poughkeepsie and northern NYC suburbs, NYNew York | $235.11 | $120.99 |
| Queens, NYNew York | $250.78 | $127.60 |
| Rest of New YorkNew York | $206.91 | $107.91 |
| OhioOhio | $204.70 | $109.56 |
| OklahomaOklahoma | $199.67 | $106.61 |
| Portland, OROregon | $230.87 | $115.09 |
| Rest of OregonOregon | $213.34 | $109.54 |
| Metropolitan Philadelphia, PAPennsylvania | $225.58 | $117.10 |
| Rest of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania | $204.79 | $109.13 |
| Puerto RicoPuerto Rico | $218.16 | $112.81 |
| Rhode IslandRhode Island | $221.61 | $113.97 |
| South CarolinaSouth Carolina | $204.71 | $108.42 |
| TennesseeTennessee | $199.58 | $104.85 |
| Austin, TXTexas | $223.90 | $113.65 |
| Beaumont, TXTexas | $203.52 | $108.69 |
| Brazoria, TXTexas | $213.92 | $110.65 |
| Dallas, TXTexas | $215.45 | $111.65 |
| Fort Worth, TXTexas | $214.17 | $111.42 |
| Galveston, TXTexas | $214.67 | $111.19 |
| Houston, TXTexas | $219.98 | $116.49 |
| Rest of TexasTexas | $208.71 | $109.82 |
| UtahUtah | $207.41 | $109.45 |
| VirginiaVirginia | $211.55 | $109.11 |
| Virgin Islands, VIUnited States Virgin Islands | $218.16 | $112.81 |
| VermontVermont | $210.59 | $107.42 |
| Rest of WashingtonWashington | $222.73 | $113.00 |
| King County, WAWashington | $250.07 | $122.20 |
| WisconsinWisconsin | $204.21 | $104.37 |
| West VirginiaWest Virginia | $202.66 | $112.10 |
| WyomingWyoming | $214.25 | $110.04 |
31512 rates by state
Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.
Explore a state
Local rates. Clear comparisons.
Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.
$192.39
$255.23
Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.
View every state and territory as a table
| State / territory | Office rate range | Localities |
|---|---|---|
| AK | $255.23 | 1 |
| AL | $195.12 | 1 |
| AR | $192.39 | 1 |
| AZ | $211.05 | 1 |
| CA | $226.83–$281.41 | 29 |
| CO | $224.40 | 1 |
| CT | $230.91 | 1 |
| DC | $246.36 | 1 |
| DE | $214.46 | 1 |
| FL | $215.50–$237.31 | 3 |
| GA | $203.55–$221.16 | 2 |
| GU | $231.82 | 1 |
| HI | $231.82 | 1 |
| IA | $199.06 | 1 |
| ID | $200.50 | 1 |
| IL | $210.08–$230.49 | 4 |
| IN | $201.60 | 1 |
| KS | $198.56 | 1 |
| KY | $200.45 | 1 |
| LA | $200.31–$209.85 | 2 |
| MA | $223.28–$245.56 | 2 |
| MD | $218.33–$246.36 | 3 |
| ME | $201.94–$211.94 | 2 |
| MI | $205.87–$218.53 | 2 |
| MN | $214.00 | 1 |
| MO | $197.25–$210.09 | 3 |
| MS | $194.84 | 1 |
| MT | $216.75 | 1 |
| NC | $203.92 | 1 |
| ND | $211.02 | 1 |
| NE | $200.00 | 1 |
| NH | $221.29 | 1 |
| NJ | $233.25–$244.02 | 2 |
| NM | $207.13 | 1 |
| NV | $215.29 | 1 |
| NY | $206.91–$255.78 | 5 |
| OH | $204.70 | 1 |
| OK | $199.67 | 1 |
| OR | $213.34–$230.87 | 2 |
| PA | $204.79–$225.58 | 2 |
| PR | $218.16 | 1 |
| RI | $221.61 | 1 |
| SC | $204.71 | 1 |
| SD | $210.34 | 1 |
| TN | $199.58 | 1 |
| TX | $203.52–$223.90 | 8 |
| UT | $207.41 | 1 |
| VA | $211.55–$246.36 | 2 |
| VI | $218.16 | 1 |
| VT | $210.59 | 1 |
| WA | $222.73–$250.07 | 2 |
| WI | $204.21 | 1 |
| WV | $202.66 | 1 |
| WY | $214.25 | 1 |
How the 31512 rate is calculated
Each of 31512’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.
How the rate is built · 31512
RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor
Work2.02
2.02 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Practice expense4.18
4.18 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Malpractice0.29
0.29 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Adjusted RVUs
6.4900
Conversion factor
$33.4009
Medicare rate
$216.77
Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.
The exact South Dakota inputs and CMS source lines
PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv
3,579
- Code
- 31512
- Physician work
- 2.02
- Practice expense
- 4.18
- Malpractice
- 0.29
GPCI2026.csv
94
- Locality
- South Dakota
- Physician work
- 1.000
- Practice expense
- 1.000
- Malpractice
- 0.336
| Component | RVU | Locality factor | Adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physician work | 2.02 | × 1.000 | 2.0200 |
| Practice expense | 4.18 | × 1.000 | 4.1800 |
| Malpractice | 0.29 | × 0.336 | 0.0974 |
| Total RVUs | 6.2974 | ||
| Conversion factor | × 33.4009 | ||
Office rate, South Dakota$210.34
Office: (2.02 × 1 + 4.18 × 1 + 0.29 × 0.336) × $33.4009 = $210.34
Facility: (2.02 × 1 + 1.06 × 1 + 0.29 × 0.336) × $33.4009 = $106.13
Payment rules and modifiers for 31512
The CMS indicators that decide how 31512 is paid alongside other services.
CMS payment indicators · 31512
Laryngeal lesion removal, indirect laryngoscopy
| Rule | CMS value | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Global period | 000 | Same-day global: pre- and post-op care on the day of the procedure is included. |
| Multiple procedures | 3 | Endoscopy family rules apply. |
| Bilateral (modifier 50) | 0 | The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply. |
| Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS) | 0 | Not paid without supporting documentation. |
| Co-surgeons (62) | 0 | Not permitted. |
| Team surgery (66) | 0 | Not permitted. |
| Professional/technical | 0 | Physician service: no professional/technical split. |
What modifiers do to the payment
Modifier 51 · payment effect
With and without the modifier
31512 without 51 · national office
$216.77
Laryngeal lesion removal, indirect laryngoscopy
31512-51 · Second procedure: 50%
$108.39
When this isn’t the highest-valued procedure in the session, Medicare pays 50% of its fee schedule amount (the highest is paid at 100%).
How 31512 has changed in South Dakota
31512 · Office / nonfacility
$210.34
Effective 2026-10-01
The base rate is $6.53 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $203.81 to $210.34 (3.2%).
It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.
One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.
What changed, release by release
January 1, 2026
RVU26A
$203.81changed to$210.34
- Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
- Work RVU 2.07 changed to 2.02
- Practice expense RVU 4.12 changed to 4.18
- Malpractice GPCI 0.382 changed to 0.336
Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.
January 1, 2025
RVU25A
$211.53changed to$203.81
- Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
- Practice expense RVU 4.17 changed to 4.12
- Malpractice RVU 0.30 changed to 0.29
Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.
March 9, 2024
RVU24AR
$208.08changed to$211.53
- Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875
Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.
January 1, 2024
RVU24A
$215.03changed to$208.08
- Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
- Malpractice RVU 0.29 changed to 0.30
- Malpractice GPCI 0.364 changed to 0.382
January 1, 2023
RVU23A
$216.54changed to$215.03
- Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
- Practice expense RVU 4.09 changed to 4.17
- Malpractice RVU 0.28 changed to 0.29
- Malpractice GPCI 0.347 changed to 0.364
Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.
January 1, 2022
RVU22A
$213.67changed to$216.54
- Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
- Practice expense RVU 3.96 changed to 4.09
- Malpractice RVU 0.27 changed to 0.28
Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.
January 1, 2021
RVU21A
$209.79changed to$213.67
- Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
- Practice expense RVU 3.64 changed to 3.96
- Malpractice RVU 0.28 changed to 0.27
- Malpractice GPCI 0.368 changed to 0.347
Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.
January 1, 2020
RVU20A
$206.75changed to$209.79
- Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
- Practice expense RVU 3.55 changed to 3.64
- Malpractice RVU 0.30 changed to 0.28
- Malpractice GPCI 0.389 changed to 0.368
Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.
January 1, 2019
RVU19A
$202.06changed to$206.75
- Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
- Practice expense RVU 3.43 changed to 3.55
- Malpractice RVU 0.29 changed to 0.30
Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.
January 1, 2018
RVU18AR1
$204.37changed to$202.06
- Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
- Practice expense RVU 3.51 changed to 3.43
- Malpractice GPCI 0.395 changed to 0.389
Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.
January 1, 2017
RVU17A
$203.94changed to$204.37
- Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
- Malpractice GPCI 0.400 changed to 0.395
Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.
January 1, 2016
RVU16A
$206.04changed to$203.94
- Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
- Practice expense RVU 3.54 changed to 3.51
- Malpractice RVU 0.31 changed to 0.29
Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.
July 1, 2015
RVU15C
$205.02changed to$206.04
- Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335
Held through RVU15D.
January 1, 2015
RVU15A
$206.27changed to$205.02
- Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
- Practice expense RVU 3.58 changed to 3.54
- Malpractice RVU 0.26 changed to 0.31
- Malpractice GPCI 0.416 changed to 0.400
Held through RVU15B.
January 1, 2014
RVU14A
$210.49changed to$206.27
- Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
- Practice expense RVU 4.00 changed to 3.58
- Malpractice RVU 0.27 changed to 0.26
- Malpractice GPCI 0.432 changed to 0.416
Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.
January 1, 2013
RVU13AR
Earliest loaded release: $210.49
Held through RVU13B, RVU13C, RVU13D.
| Effective from | Office | Facility | CMS release |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-01 | $210.34 | $106.13 | RVU26D |
| 2026-07-01 | $210.34 | $106.13 | RVU26C |
| 2026-04-01 | $210.34 | $106.13 | RVU26B |
| 2026-01-01 | $210.34 | $106.13 | RVU26A |
| 2025-10-01 | $203.81 | $120.03 | RVU25D |
| 2025-07-01 | $203.81 | $120.03 | RVU25C |
| 2025-04-01 | $203.81 | $120.03 | RVU25B |
| 2025-01-01 | $203.81 | $120.03 | RVU25A |
| 2024-10-01 | $211.53 | $122.98 | RVU24D |
| 2024-07-01 | $211.53 | $122.98 | RVU24C |
| 2024-04-01 | $211.53 | $122.98 | RVU24B |
| 2024-03-09 | $211.53 | $122.98 | RVU24AR |
| 2024-01-01 | $208.08 | $120.98 | RVU24A |
| 2023-10-01 | $215.03 | $124.22 | RVU23D |
| 2023-07-01 | $215.03 | $124.22 | RVU23C |
| 2023-04-01 | $215.03 | $124.22 | RVU23B |
| 2023-01-01 | $215.03 | $124.22 | RVU23A |
| 2022-10-01 | $216.54 | $124.14 | RVU22D |
| 2022-07-01 | $216.54 | $124.14 | RVU22C |
| 2022-04-01 | $216.54 | $124.14 | RVU22B |
| 2022-01-01 | $216.54 | $124.14 | RVU22A |
| 2021-10-01 | $213.67 | $123.30 | RVU21D |
| 2021-07-01 | $213.67 | $123.30 | RVU21C |
| 2021-04-01 | $213.67 | $123.30 | RVU21B |
| 2021-01-01 | $213.67 | $123.30 | RVU21A |
| 2020-10-01 | $209.79 | $126.06 | RVU20D |
| 2020-07-01 | $209.79 | $126.06 | RVU20C |
| 2020-04-01 | $209.79 | $126.06 | RVU20B |
| 2020-01-01 | $209.79 | $126.06 | RVU20A |
| 2019-10-01 | $206.75 | $126.74 | RVU19D |
| 2019-07-01 | $206.75 | $126.74 | RVU19C |
| 2019-04-01 | $206.75 | $126.74 | RVU19B |
| 2019-01-01 | $206.75 | $126.74 | RVU19A |
| 2018-10-01 | $202.06 | $126.10 | RVU18D |
| 2018-07-01 | $202.06 | $126.10 | RVU18C |
| 2018-04-01 | $202.06 | $126.10 | RVU18B |
| 2018-01-01 | $202.06 | $126.10 | RVU18AR1 |
| 2017-10-01 | $204.37 | $127.93 | RVU17D |
| 2017-07-01 | $204.37 | $127.93 | RVU17C |
| 2017-04-01 | $204.37 | $127.93 | RVU17B |
| 2017-01-01 | $204.37 | $127.93 | RVU17A |
| 2016-10-01 | $203.94 | $127.68 | RVU16D |
| 2016-07-01 | $203.94 | $127.68 | RVU16C |
| 2016-04-01 | $203.94 | $127.68 | RVU16B |
| 2016-01-01 | $203.94 | $127.68 | RVU16A |
| 2015-10-01 | $206.04 | $128.79 | RVU15D |
| 2015-07-01 | $206.04 | $128.79 | RVU15C |
| 2015-04-01 | $205.02 | $128.14 | RVU15B |
| 2015-01-01 | $205.02 | $128.14 | RVU15A |
| 2014-10-01 | $206.27 | $129.25 | RVU14D |
| 2014-07-01 | $206.27 | $129.25 | RVU14C |
| 2014-04-01 | $206.27 | $129.25 | RVU14B |
| 2014-01-01 | $206.27 | $129.25 | RVU14A |
| 2013-10-01 | $210.49 | $127.47 | RVU13D |
| 2013-07-01 | $210.49 | $127.47 | RVU13C |
| 2013-04-01 | $210.49 | $127.47 | RVU13B |
| 2013-01-01 | $210.49 | $127.47 | RVU13AR |
Where the South Dakota rate applies
South Dakota is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 485 cities and communities in South Dakota. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.
- Aberdeen
- Agar
- Agency Village
- Akaska
- Albee
- Alcester
- Alexandria
- Allen
31512 billing questions
How does 31512 differ from 31505?
31505 is for diagnostic indirect laryngoscopy. Report 31512 when the clinician removes a laryngeal lesion during the indirect examination.
When is 31510 a better choice?
Use 31510 for indirect laryngoscopy with biopsy when tissue is sampled for diagnosis, rather than a lesion being removed as the service.
Can 31512 be reported with another endoscopy on the same date?
Related endoscopies performed together are subject to CMS endoscopy-family pricing. Document the distinct procedures performed; payment follows the applicable family pricing.
Should modifier 50 be used for lesions on both sides?
No. The CMS bilateral adjustment does not apply to 31512, and modifier 50 is inappropriate.
What documentation supports reporting 31512?
Document the laryngeal lesion, the indirect visualization approach, and that the lesion was removed. An assistant-at-surgery claim also requires documentation of medical necessity.
Where these rates come from
FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.
CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027
Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
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