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CPT code 77002: Fluoroscopy guidance, needle placement2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in Minnesota

Reports fluoroscopic x-ray guidance used to position a needle for procedures such as joint aspiration, injection, or tissue sampling.

CMS RVU26DEffective Oct 1, 2026One payment locality530.7K Medicare services in 2024

In Minnesota, Medicare pays $123.27 for 77002 in the office.

$123.27Office (non-facility)
Not available in this settingHospital or facility
+1.7%vs the national office rate ($121.25)

Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 77002 nationwide

Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.

We’ll open 77002 for the payment locality that covers the ZIP.

On this page 11 sections
  1. Rate in Minnesota
  2. What 77002 covers
  3. Compared with other areas
  4. Rate map
  5. How it’s calculated
  6. Payment rules
  7. Related codes
  8. Rate history
  9. Where it applies
  10. Billing questions
  11. Sources

What 77002 covers

The service uses live x-ray imaging to guide a needle toward a target and confirm its position during a procedure. Radiologists, interventional radiologists, orthopedists, and pain physicians may use it for procedures such as joint aspiration or injection, or needle sampling of a lesion. The fluoroscopic guidance and its interpretation are distinct from the needle procedure itself.

Report 77002 only with a primary procedure; it is an add-on code and is paid within that procedure’s global period. The record should identify the target, document use of fluoroscopy to guide needle placement, and support the interpretation. Modifier 26 represents the professional interpretation, while modifier TC represents the equipment and staff. Reporting without either modifier represents the global service.

This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.

How Minnesota compares for 77002

Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 77002 runs from $106.19 in Arkansas to $167.75 in San Benito County, CA. Minnesota pays $123.27. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.

77002 in Minnesota vs other payment areas
  1. Minnesota · this page$123.27
  2. Los Angeles, CA · California$140.23+$16.96
  3. Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$140.54+$17.27
  4. Miami, FL · Florida$127.48+$4.21
  5. Chicago, IL · Illinois$123.61+$0.34
  6. Manhattan, NY · New York$139.72+$16.45
  7. Alaska · Alaska$136.14+$12.87

Other areas in Minnesota first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.

Every other payment area

77002 in every other Medicare payment locality
Payment localityOfficeFacility
AlabamaAlabama$107.89—
ArkansasArkansas$106.19—
ArizonaArizona$117.88—
Bakersfield, CACalifornia$130.87—
Chico, CACalifornia$130.74—
El Centro, CACalifornia$130.74—
Fresno, CACalifornia$130.74—
Hanford, CACalifornia$130.74—

77002 rates by state

Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.

MEWIVTNHMTNDMNMINYMARIWAIDWYSDIAILINOHPANJCTORNVUTCONEMOKYWVVAMDDECAAZNMKSOKARTNNCSCDCTXLAMSALGAFLAKHI

Explore a state

Local rates. Clear comparisons.

Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.

$106.19

$149.25

Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.

View every state and territory as a table
77002 office rate range by state
State / territoryOffice rate rangeLocalities
AK$136.141
AL$107.891
AR$106.191
AZ$117.881
CA$130.74–$167.7529
CO$127.711
CT$129.751
DC$140.541
DE$119.971
FL$117.42–$127.483
GA$110.46–$123.202
GU$134.691
HI$134.691
IA$111.751
ID$112.361
IL$113.11–$125.164
IN$113.101
KS$110.771
KY$109.791
LA$109.44–$115.402
MA$126.67–$141.652
MD$122.54–$140.543
ME$112.56–$119.832
MI$112.53–$118.582
MN$123.271
MO$107.11–$116.343
MS$106.691
MT$121.241
NC$113.921
ND$120.451
NE$112.541
NH$125.271
NJ$131.49–$138.802
NM$113.031
NV$121.121
NY$115.74–$142.845
OH$112.361
OK$110.011
OR$120.44–$132.532
PA$112.79–$126.012
PR$122.351
RI$124.811
SC$113.281
SD$120.361
TN$111.331
TX$111.95–$127.068
UT$114.981
VA$119.11–$140.542
VI$122.351
VT$119.561
WA$126.57–$145.092
WI$116.031
WV$108.431
WY$120.901

See 77002 in every payment locality

How the 77002 rate is calculated

Each of 77002’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.

How the rate is built · 77002

RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor

Office or facility?

Work0.53

0.53 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Practice expense3.06

3.06 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Malpractice0.04

0.04 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Adjusted RVUs

3.6300

Conversion factor

$33.4009

Medicare rate

$121.25

Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.

The exact Minnesota inputs and CMS source lines

PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv

8,928

Code
77002
Physician work
0.53
Practice expense
3.06
Malpractice
0.04

GPCI2026.csv

66

Locality
Minnesota
Physician work
1.000
Practice expense
1.029
Malpractice
0.296
Office calculation for 77002 in Minnesota
ComponentRVULocality factorAdjusted
Physician work0.53× 1.0000.5300
Practice expense3.06× 1.0293.1487
Malpractice0.04× 0.2960.0118
Total RVUs3.6906
Conversion factor× 33.4009

Office rate, Minnesota$123.27

Office: (0.53 × 1 + 3.06 × 1.029 + 0.04 × 0.296) × $33.4009 = $123.27

Open 77002 in the RVU calculator

Payment rules and modifiers for 77002

The CMS indicators that decide how 77002 is paid alongside other services.

CMS payment indicators · 77002

Fluoroscopy guidance, needle placement

RuleCMS valueWhat it means
Global periodZZZAdd-on code: falls within the primary procedure’s global period.
Multiple procedures0No multiple-procedure reduction.
Bilateral (modifier 50)0The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply.
Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS)0Not paid without supporting documentation.
Co-surgeons (62)0Not permitted.
Team surgery (66)0Not permitted.
Professional/technical1Diagnostic test with separate professional (26) and technical (TC) components.

What modifiers do to the payment

Modifier 26 · payment effect

With and without the modifier

77002 without 26 · national office

$121.25

Fluoroscopy guidance, needle placement

77002-26 · Professional component

$27.05

Pays only the interpretation and report.

When to use modifier 26

Codes related to 77002

Related codes aren’t interchangeable: bill the code that matches the service performed.

Codes related to 77002
CodeHow it relatesOffice range, Minnesota
Primary code
20610Joint injection, major joint or bursa, no ultrasoundMay be the primary service when fluoroscopy guides a large-joint aspiration or injection.$66.87
Used instead
77003Fluoroscopic guidance, spinal or paraspinal injectionFluoroscopic needle guidance for spinal or paraspinal procedures.$105.78
77012CT guidance, needle placementCT guidance for needle placement when CT, rather than fluoroscopy, guides the needle.$122.62
77021MRI needle guidance, needle placementMRI guidance for needle placement when MRI is the guidance modality.$435.87

How 77002 has changed in Minnesota

77002 · Office / nonfacility

$123.27

Effective 2026-10-01

The base rate is $11.59 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $111.68 to $123.27 (10.4%).

It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.

Base rate by release · bars start at $0 · select a bar to compare

One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.

What changed, release by release

  1. January 1, 2026

    RVU26A

    $111.68changed to$123.27

    • Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
    • Work RVU 0.54 changed to 0.53
    • Practice expense RVU 2.83 changed to 3.06
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.025 changed to 1.029
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.300 changed to 0.296

    Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.

  2. January 1, 2025

    RVU25A

    $117.32changed to$111.68

    • Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
    • Practice expense RVU 2.90 changed to 2.83

    Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.

  3. March 9, 2024

    RVU24AR

    $115.41changed to$117.32

    • Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875

    Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.

  4. January 1, 2024

    RVU24A

    $119.34changed to$115.41

    • Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
    • Practice expense RVU 2.91 changed to 2.90
    • Malpractice RVU 0.05 changed to 0.04
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.019 changed to 1.025
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.326 changed to 0.300

  5. January 1, 2023

    RVU23A

    $120.96changed to$119.34

    • Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
    • Practice expense RVU 2.90 changed to 2.91
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.013 changed to 1.019
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.353 changed to 0.326

    Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.

  6. January 1, 2022

    RVU22A

    $119.14changed to$120.96

    • Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
    • Practice expense RVU 2.82 changed to 2.90

    Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.

  7. January 1, 2021

    RVU21A

    $110.21changed to$119.14

    • Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
    • Practice expense RVU 2.47 changed to 2.82
    • Malpractice RVU 0.04 changed to 0.05
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.012 changed to 1.013
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.357 changed to 0.353

    Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.

  8. January 1, 2020

    RVU20A

    $103.06changed to$110.21

    • Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
    • Practice expense RVU 2.28 changed to 2.47
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.011 changed to 1.012
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.362 changed to 0.357

    Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.

  9. January 1, 2019

    RVU19A

    $95.79changed to$103.06

    • Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
    • Practice expense RVU 2.08 changed to 2.28
    • Malpractice RVU 0.05 changed to 0.04

    Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.

  10. January 1, 2018

    RVU18AR1

    $94.38changed to$95.79

    • Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
    • Practice expense RVU 2.04 changed to 2.08
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.016 changed to 1.011
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.341 changed to 0.362

    Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.

  11. January 1, 2017

    RVU17A

    $94.04changed to$94.38

    • Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
    • Practice expense RVU 2.03 changed to 2.04
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.020 changed to 1.016
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.319 changed to 0.341

    Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.

  12. January 1, 2016

    RVU16A

    $93.53changed to$94.04

    • Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
    • Practice expense RVU 2.01 changed to 2.03
    • Malpractice RVU 0.04 changed to 0.05

    Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.

  13. July 1, 2015

    RVU15C

    $93.07changed to$93.53

    • Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335

    Held through RVU15D.

  14. January 1, 2015

    RVU15A

    $103.49changed to$93.07

    • Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
    • Practice expense RVU 2.30 changed to 2.01
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.016 changed to 1.020
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.301 changed to 0.319

    Held through RVU15B.

  15. January 1, 2014

    RVU14A

    $79.70changed to$103.49

    • Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
    • Practice expense RVU 1.77 changed to 2.30
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.012 changed to 1.016
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.282 changed to 0.301

    Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.

  16. October 1, 2013

    RVU13D

    No ratechanged to$79.70

  17. January 1, 2013

    RVU13AR

    Earliest loaded release: No rate

    Held through RVU13B, RVU13C.

Rates in every CMS release
Effective fromOfficeFacilityCMS release
2026-10-01$123.27Not available in this settingRVU26D
2026-07-01$123.27Not available in this settingRVU26C
2026-04-01$123.27Not available in this settingRVU26B
2026-01-01$123.27Not available in this settingRVU26A
2025-10-01$111.68Not available in this settingRVU25D
2025-07-01$111.68Not available in this settingRVU25C
2025-04-01$111.68Not available in this settingRVU25B
2025-01-01$111.68Not available in this settingRVU25A
2024-10-01$117.32Not available in this settingRVU24D
2024-07-01$117.32Not available in this settingRVU24C
2024-04-01$117.32Not available in this settingRVU24B
2024-03-09$117.32Not available in this settingRVU24AR
2024-01-01$115.41Not available in this settingRVU24A
2023-10-01$119.34Not available in this settingRVU23D
2023-07-01$119.34Not available in this settingRVU23C
2023-04-01$119.34Not available in this settingRVU23B
2023-01-01$119.34Not available in this settingRVU23A
2022-10-01$120.96Not available in this settingRVU22D
2022-07-01$120.96Not available in this settingRVU22C
2022-04-01$120.96Not available in this settingRVU22B
2022-01-01$120.96Not available in this settingRVU22A
2021-10-01$119.14Not available in this settingRVU21D
2021-07-01$119.14Not available in this settingRVU21C
2021-04-01$119.14Not available in this settingRVU21B
2021-01-01$119.14Not available in this settingRVU21A
2020-10-01$110.21Not available in this settingRVU20D
2020-07-01$110.21Not available in this settingRVU20C
2020-04-01$110.21Not available in this settingRVU20B
2020-01-01$110.21Not available in this settingRVU20A
2019-10-01$103.06Not available in this settingRVU19D
2019-07-01$103.06Not available in this settingRVU19C
2019-04-01$103.06Not available in this settingRVU19B
2019-01-01$103.06Not available in this settingRVU19A
2018-10-01$95.79Not available in this settingRVU18D
2018-07-01$95.79Not available in this settingRVU18C
2018-04-01$95.79Not available in this settingRVU18B
2018-01-01$95.79Not available in this settingRVU18AR1
2017-10-01$94.38Not available in this settingRVU17D
2017-07-01$94.38Not available in this settingRVU17C
2017-04-01$94.38Not available in this settingRVU17B
2017-01-01$94.38Not available in this settingRVU17A
2016-10-01$94.04Not available in this settingRVU16D
2016-07-01$94.04Not available in this settingRVU16C
2016-04-01$94.04Not available in this settingRVU16B
2016-01-01$94.04Not available in this settingRVU16A
2015-10-01$93.53Not available in this settingRVU15D
2015-07-01$93.53Not available in this settingRVU15C
2015-04-01$93.07Not available in this settingRVU15B
2015-01-01$93.07Not available in this settingRVU15A
2014-10-01$103.49Not available in this settingRVU14D
2014-07-01$103.49Not available in this settingRVU14C
2014-04-01$103.49Not available in this settingRVU14B
2014-01-01$103.49Not available in this settingRVU14A
2013-10-01$79.70Not available in this settingRVU13D
2013-07-01Rate data unavailableNot available in this settingRVU13C
2013-04-01Rate data unavailableNot available in this settingRVU13B
2013-01-01Rate data unavailableNot available in this settingRVU13AR

Price 77002 for an earlier date of service

Where the Minnesota rate applies

Minnesota is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 916 cities and communities in Minnesota. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.

  • Ada
  • Adams
  • Adrian
  • Afton
  • Aitkin
  • Akeley
  • Albany
  • Albert Lea

Browse all communities in Minnesota

77002 billing questions

Can 77002 be reported by itself?

No. CMS identifies 77002 as an add-on code that must be billed with a primary procedure.

When is 77002 used with a joint injection?

It may be reported when fluoroscopy guides needle placement for a joint procedure, such as a large-joint aspiration or injection, and the guidance is separately reportable.

How does 77002 differ from 77003?

Both describe fluoroscopic needle guidance, but 77003 is for guidance in spinal or paraspinal procedures. Use 77002 for other needle-placement targets.

What do modifiers 26 and TC represent?

Modifier 26 identifies the professional interpretation; modifier TC identifies the technical service, including equipment and staff. Without either modifier, the claim represents the global service.

What documentation supports 77002?

Document the needle target, the use of fluoroscopy to guide placement, and the interpretation. The claim must also include the primary procedure.

Where these rates come from

FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.

CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027

Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
RVUs for 77002PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv, line 8,928 (RVU26D)
Geographic factors for MinnesotaGPCI2026.csv, line 66 (RVU26D)

Open CMS sourceHow we calculate rates

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