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CPT code 28124: Toe bone excision, partial phalanx excision2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in Vermont

Reports removal of a portion of a toe phalanx, such as a diseased or prominent bone segment, when the procedure does not target a specific condyle.

CMS RVU26DEffective Oct 1, 2026One payment locality10.1K Medicare services in 2024

In Vermont, Medicare pays $463.58 for 28124 in the office and $308.83 when it’s performed in a hospital or facility.

$463.58Office (non-facility)
$308.83Hospital or facility
−2.3%vs the national office rate ($474.29)

Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 28124 nationwide

Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.

We’ll open 28124 for the payment locality that covers the ZIP.

On this page 11 sections
  1. Rate in Vermont
  2. What 28124 covers
  3. Compared with other areas
  4. Rate map
  5. How it’s calculated
  6. Payment rules
  7. Related codes
  8. Rate history
  9. Where it applies
  10. Billing questions
  11. Sources

What 28124 covers

A podiatrist or orthopedic surgeon removes a portion of a toe phalanx to treat localized bone disease or a painful bony prominence. The procedure may be performed in an office-based surgical setting or a hospital or ambulatory surgery facility. The operative report should identify the toe, the phalanx involved, the portion removed, and the clinical reason for the excision.

Select this code when the work is partial removal of phalangeal bone, rather than a defined resection of a distal or proximal condyle or removal of a broader phalangeal segment. Related preoperative care on the day before surgery and related postoperative care for 90 days are included. When multiple procedures occur in the same session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and other procedures are subject to the standard 50% reduction. Bilateral reporting with modifier 50 is paid at 150%. Medicare does not pay an assistant at surgery for this service; co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.

How Vermont compares for 28124

Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 28124 runs from $425.00 in Arkansas to $615.59 in San Benito County, CA. Vermont pays $463.58. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.

28124 in Vermont vs other payment areas
  1. Vermont · this page$463.58
  2. Los Angeles, CA · California$529.80+$66.22
  3. Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$537.48+$73.90
  4. Miami, FL · Florida$510.42+$46.84
  5. Chicago, IL · Illinois$497.24+$33.66
  6. Manhattan, NY · New York$541.81+$78.23
  7. Alaska · Alaska$567.96+$104.38

Other areas in Vermont first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.

Every other payment area

28124 in every other Medicare payment locality
Payment localityOfficeFacility
AlabamaAlabama$430.53$293.75
ArkansasArkansas$425.00$290.72
ArizonaArizona$462.87$311.40
Bakersfield, CACalifornia$499.63$328.31
Chico, CACalifornia$498.16$326.83
El Centro, CACalifornia$498.24$326.91
Fresno, CACalifornia$498.16$326.83
Hanford, CACalifornia$498.16$326.83

28124 rates by state

Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.

MEWIVTNHMTNDMNMINYMARIWAIDWYSDIAILINOHPANJCTORNVUTCONEMOKYWVVAMDDECAAZNMKSOKARTNNCSCDCTXLAMSALGAFLAKHI

Explore a state

Local rates. Clear comparisons.

Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.

$425.00

$567.96

Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.

View every state and territory as a table
28124 office rate range by state
State / territoryOffice rate rangeLocalities
AK$567.961
AL$430.531
AR$425.001
AZ$462.871
CA$498.16–$615.5929
CO$491.731
CT$503.611
DC$537.481
DE$469.981
FL$469.18–$510.423
GA$445.38–$482.672
GU$508.181
HI$508.181
IA$439.701
ID$442.371
IL$457.41–$497.244
IN$444.651
KS$438.131
KY$440.151
LA$439.64–$458.992
MA$489.38–$536.592
MD$478.18–$537.483
ME$444.71–$465.842
MI$450.60–$474.722
MN$471.811
MO$433.09–$460.143
MS$429.111
MT$474.261
NC$448.821
ND$464.971
NE$441.771
NH$484.451
NJ$509.53–$532.922
NM$452.911
NV$471.971
NY$454.85–$554.055
OH$448.701
OK$439.161
OR$468.45–$505.692
PA$449.19–$492.382
PR$477.311
RI$485.451
SC$449.471
SD$463.871
TN$440.121
TX$446.57–$489.978
UT$454.961
VA$464.65–$537.482
VI$477.311
VT$463.581
WA$488.33–$546.672
WI$451.011
WV$442.341
WY$470.211

See 28124 in every payment locality

How the 28124 rate is calculated

Each of 28124’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.

How the rate is built · 28124

RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor

Office or facility?

Work4.88

4.88 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Practice expense8.85

8.85 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Malpractice0.47

0.47 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Adjusted RVUs

14.2000

Conversion factor

$33.4009

Medicare rate

$474.29

Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.

The exact Vermont inputs and CMS source lines

PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv

3,134

Code
28124
Physician work
4.88
Practice expense
8.85
Malpractice
0.47

GPCI2026.csv

105

Locality
Vermont
Physician work
1.000
Practice expense
0.990
Malpractice
0.506
Office calculation for 28124 in Vermont
ComponentRVULocality factorAdjusted
Physician work4.88× 1.0004.8800
Practice expense8.85× 0.9908.7615
Malpractice0.47× 0.5060.2378
Total RVUs13.8793
Conversion factor× 33.4009

Office rate, Vermont$463.58

Office: (4.88 × 1 + 8.85 × 0.99 + 0.47 × 0.506) × $33.4009 = $463.58

Facility: (4.88 × 1 + 4.17 × 0.99 + 0.47 × 0.506) × $33.4009 = $308.83

Open 28124 in the RVU calculator

Payment rules and modifiers for 28124

28124 has a 90-day global period: related visits in that window are included in the surgery payment.

CMS payment indicators · 28124

Toe bone excision, partial phalanx excision

RuleCMS valueWhat it means
Global period090Major surgery: the day before, the day of, and 90 days after are included.
Multiple procedures2Standard reduction: highest-valued procedure at 100%, others at 50%.
Bilateral (modifier 50)1Bilateral with modifier 50 pays 150% of the fee schedule amount.
Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS)1Not paid (statutory restriction).
Co-surgeons (62)0Not permitted.
Team surgery (66)0Not permitted.
Professional/technical0Physician service: no professional/technical split.
Split (54/55/56)0.10/0.69/0.21Share of the payment for pre-op, the procedure itself, and post-op care.

Global surgery period · 28124

Toe bone excision, partial phalanx excision

90-day global period ends

Dec 30, 2026

Covers Sep 30, 2026 through Dec 30, 2026 (92 days, including the day before surgery).

Visit on Oct 31, 2026

Day 30 of the 90-day post-op period: related follow-up care is included in the surgical payment.

  • 24Unrelated E/M visit by the same physician
  • 79Unrelated procedure (starts its own global period)
  • 58Staged, more extensive, or therapy procedure that was planned
  • 78Unplanned return to the operating room for a related complication
SurgeryVisit
Sep 23, 2026Jan 10, 2027

Pre-op dayGlobal period

What modifiers do to the payment

Modifier 50 · payment effect

With and without the modifier

28124 without 50 · national office

$474.29

Toe bone excision, partial phalanx excision

28124-50 · Bilateral: 150%

$711.44

Both sides on one line with modifier 50 are paid at 150% of the fee schedule amount (subject to multiple-procedure rules with other procedures).

When to use modifier 50

Codes related to 28124

Related codes aren’t interchangeable: bill the code that matches the service performed.

Codes related to 28124
CodeHow it relatesOffice range, Vermont
Used instead
28126Toe bone excision, complete phalanx removalUse for a defined resection of the distal phalanx condyle rather than a general partial bone excision.$378.29
28153Toe bone removal, partial excisionUse for a defined resection of the proximal phalanx condyle.$389.91
28150Toe amputation, at the MTP jointRepresents phalangeal removal when the operative extent is broader than a partial bone excision.$404.45
28160Toe bone excision, joint or partial phalanxApplies to hemiphalangectomy or excision at a toe interphalangeal joint.$397.71

How 28124 has changed in Vermont

28124 · Office / nonfacility

$463.58

Effective 2026-10-01

The base rate is $9.86 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $453.72 to $463.58 (2.2%).

It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.

Base rate by release · bars start at $0 · select a bar to compare

One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.

What changed, release by release

  1. January 1, 2026

    RVU26A

    $453.72changed to$463.58

    • Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
    • Work RVU 5.00 changed to 4.88
    • Practice expense RVU 8.84 changed to 8.85
    • Malpractice RVU 0.48 changed to 0.47
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.993 changed to 0.990
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.518 changed to 0.506

    Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.

  2. January 1, 2025

    RVU25A

    $468.05changed to$453.72

    • Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
    • Practice expense RVU 8.89 changed to 8.84
    • Malpractice RVU 0.45 changed to 0.48

    Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.

  3. March 9, 2024

    RVU24AR

    $460.41changed to$468.05

    • Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875

    Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.

  4. January 1, 2024

    RVU24A

    $471.13changed to$460.41

    • Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
    • Practice expense RVU 8.69 changed to 8.89
    • Malpractice RVU 0.44 changed to 0.45
    • Practice expense GPCI 0.997 changed to 0.993
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.543 changed to 0.518

  5. January 1, 2023

    RVU23A

    $479.95changed to$471.13

    • Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
    • Practice expense RVU 8.61 changed to 8.69
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.001 changed to 0.997
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.569 changed to 0.543

    Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.

  6. January 1, 2022

    RVU22A

    $487.62changed to$479.95

    • Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
    • Practice expense RVU 8.71 changed to 8.61
    • Malpractice RVU 0.45 changed to 0.44

    Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.

  7. January 1, 2021

    RVU21A

    $493.81changed to$487.62

    • Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
    • Practice expense RVU 8.36 changed to 8.71
    • Malpractice RVU 0.44 changed to 0.45
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.008 changed to 1.001
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.582 changed to 0.569

    Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.

  8. January 1, 2020

    RVU20A

    $497.14changed to$493.81

    • Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
    • Practice expense RVU 8.43 changed to 8.36
    • Malpractice RVU 0.40 changed to 0.44
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.015 changed to 1.008
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.595 changed to 0.582

    Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.

  9. January 1, 2019

    RVU19A

    $496.02changed to$497.14

    • Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
    • Practice expense RVU 8.42 changed to 8.43
    • Malpractice RVU 0.39 changed to 0.40

    Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.

  10. January 1, 2018

    RVU18AR1

    $492.73changed to$496.02

    • Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
    • Practice expense RVU 8.39 changed to 8.42
    • Malpractice RVU 0.40 changed to 0.39
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.010 changed to 1.015
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.639 changed to 0.595

    Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.

  11. January 1, 2017

    RVU17A

    $489.43changed to$492.73

    • Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
    • Practice expense RVU 8.37 changed to 8.39
    • Malpractice RVU 0.39 changed to 0.40
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.004 changed to 1.010
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.682 changed to 0.639

    Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.

  12. January 1, 2016

    RVU16A

    $491.32changed to$489.43

    • Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
    • Practice expense RVU 8.36 changed to 8.37
    • Malpractice RVU 0.41 changed to 0.39

    Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.

  13. July 1, 2015

    RVU15C

    $488.88changed to$491.32

    • Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335

    Held through RVU15D.

  14. January 1, 2015

    RVU15A

    $485.28changed to$488.88

    • Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
    • Practice expense RVU 8.25 changed to 8.36
    • Malpractice RVU 0.40 changed to 0.41
    • Practice expense GPCI 1.006 changed to 1.004
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.618 changed to 0.682

    Held through RVU15B.

  15. January 1, 2014

    RVU14A

    No ratechanged to$485.28

    Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.

  16. January 1, 2013

    RVU13AR

    Earliest loaded release: No rate

    Held through RVU13B, RVU13C, RVU13D.

Rates in every CMS release
Effective fromOfficeFacilityCMS release
2026-10-01$463.58$308.83RVU26D
2026-07-01$463.58$308.83RVU26C
2026-04-01$463.58$308.83RVU26B
2026-01-01$463.58$308.83RVU26A
2025-10-01$453.72$323.31RVU25D
2025-07-01$453.72$323.31RVU25C
2025-04-01$453.72$323.31RVU25B
2025-01-01$453.72$323.31RVU25A
2024-10-01$468.05$329.22RVU24D
2024-07-01$468.05$329.22RVU24C
2024-04-01$468.05$329.22RVU24B
2024-03-09$468.05$329.22RVU24AR
2024-01-01$460.41$323.85RVU24A
2023-10-01$471.13$329.23RVU23D
2023-07-01$471.13$329.23RVU23C
2023-04-01$471.13$329.23RVU23B
2023-01-01$471.13$329.23RVU23A
2022-10-01$479.95$331.69RVU22D
2022-07-01$479.95$331.69RVU22C
2022-04-01$479.95$331.69RVU22B
2022-01-01$479.95$331.69RVU22A
2021-10-01$487.62$331.84RVU21D
2021-07-01$487.62$331.84RVU21C
2021-04-01$487.62$331.84RVU21B
2021-01-01$487.62$331.84RVU21A
2020-10-01$493.81$339.20RVU20D
2020-07-01$493.81$339.20RVU20C
2020-04-01$493.81$339.20RVU20B
2020-01-01$493.81$339.20RVU20A
2019-10-01$497.14$340.21RVU19D
2019-07-01$497.14$340.21RVU19C
2019-04-01$497.14$340.21RVU19B
2019-01-01$497.14$340.21RVU19A
2018-10-01$496.02$338.53RVU18D
2018-07-01$496.02$338.53RVU18C
2018-04-01$496.02$338.53RVU18B
2018-01-01$496.02$338.53RVU18AR1
2017-10-01$492.73$337.59RVU17D
2017-07-01$492.73$337.59RVU17C
2017-04-01$492.73$337.59RVU17B
2017-01-01$492.73$337.59RVU17A
2016-10-01$489.43$335.93RVU16D
2016-07-01$489.43$335.93RVU16C
2016-04-01$489.43$335.93RVU16B
2016-01-01$489.43$335.93RVU16A
2015-10-01$491.32$336.55RVU15D
2015-07-01$491.32$336.55RVU15C
2015-04-01$488.88$334.87RVU15B
2015-01-01$488.88$334.87RVU15A
2014-10-01$485.28$333.92RVU14D
2014-07-01$485.28$333.92RVU14C
2014-04-01$485.28$333.92RVU14B
2014-01-01$485.28$333.92RVU14A
2013-10-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13D
2013-07-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13C
2013-04-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13B
2013-01-01Rate data unavailableRate data unavailableRVU13AR

Price 28124 for an earlier date of service

Where the Vermont rate applies

Vermont is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 180 cities and communities in Vermont. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.

  • Albany
  • Alburgh
  • Algiers
  • Arlington
  • Ascutney
  • Bakersfield
  • Barnet
  • Barre

Browse all communities in Vermont

28124 billing questions

When should I use this code instead of a condyle-resection code?

Use this code for partial removal of phalangeal bone without a specifically defined condylar resection. A distal condyle resection points to 28126; a proximal condyle resection points to 28153.

What documentation supports reporting this procedure?

Document the affected toe and phalanx, the segment of bone removed, the reason for excision, and the operative work performed. The record should distinguish a partial phalanx excision from a condylar resection or more extensive phalangectomy.

Is related postoperative care separately reported?

Related postoperative care is included in the 90-day global period, along with the preoperative visit on the day before surgery.

How does Medicare handle bilateral procedures and other procedures in the same session?

A bilateral procedure reported with modifier 50 is paid at 150%. For multiple procedures in the same session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and the others are subject to the standard 50% reduction.

Can an assistant surgeon or co-surgeon be reported?

Medicare does not pay an assistant at surgery for this code. Co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

Where these rates come from

FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.

CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027

Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
RVUs for 28124PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv, line 3,134 (RVU26D)
Geographic factors for VermontGPCI2026.csv, line 105 (RVU26D)

Open CMS sourceHow we calculate rates

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