CPT code 28288: Toe bone removal, phalangeal head2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in South Dakota

Reports partial removal of a toe phalanx head, commonly to relieve a painful bony prominence or pressure associated with a toe deformity.

CMS RVU26DEffective Oct 1, 2026One payment locality2.5K Medicare services in 2024

In South Dakota, Medicare pays $595.49 for 28288 in the office and $401.43 when it’s performed in a hospital or facility.

$595.49Office (non-facility)
$401.43Hospital or facility
−2.5%vs the national office rate ($610.57)

Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 28288 nationwide

Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.

We’ll open 28288 for the payment locality that covers the ZIP.

On this page 11 sections
  1. Rate in South Dakota
  2. What 28288 covers
  3. Compared with other areas
  4. Rate map
  5. How it’s calculated
  6. Payment rules
  7. Related codes
  8. Rate history
  9. Where it applies
  10. Billing questions
  11. Sources

What 28288 covers

A foot surgeon, commonly an orthopedic surgeon or podiatrist, removes part of a toe phalanx head to address a painful bony prominence and related pressure or irritation. The procedure may be performed in a surgical facility or office-based setting, depending on the case. The operative note should identify the toe and bone treated, the prominence or deformity prompting surgery, and the extent of bone removed.

Report 28288 for partial removal involving the head of a toe phalanx, rather than a different phalangeal site or a procedure directed at correcting the toe deformity itself. This major surgery has a 90-day global period, including the day-before preoperative visit and 90 days of related postoperative care. When multiple procedures are performed in the same session, the highest-valued procedure is paid in full and the others are subject to the standard multiple-procedure reduction. Modifier 50 is inappropriate. Medicare does not pay an assistant at surgery for this service; co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.

How South Dakota compares for 28288

Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 28288 runs from $544.31 in Arkansas to $794.77 in San Benito County, CA. South Dakota pays $595.49. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.

28288 in South Dakota vs other payment areas
  1. South Dakota · this page$595.49
  2. Los Angeles, CA · California$682.67+$87.18
  3. Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$693.46+$97.97
  4. Miami, FL · Florida$661.36+$65.87
  5. Chicago, IL · Illinois$643.31+$47.82
  6. Manhattan, NY · New York$699.90+$104.41
  7. Alaska · Alaska$723.87+$128.38

Other areas in South Dakota first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.

Every other payment area

28288 in every other Medicare payment locality
Payment localityOfficeFacility
AlabamaAlabama$551.74$381.94
ArkansasArkansas$544.31$377.61
ArizonaArizona$595.15$407.11
Bakersfield, CACalifornia$643.03$430.34
Chico, CACalifornia$640.97$428.29
El Centro, CACalifornia$641.09$428.40
Fresno, CACalifornia$640.97$428.29
Hanford, CACalifornia$640.97$428.29

28288 rates by state

Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.

Explore a state

Local rates. Clear comparisons.

Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.

$544.31

$723.87

Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.

View every state and territory as a table
28288 office rate range by state
State / territoryOffice rate rangeLocalities
AK$723.871
AL$551.741
AR$544.311
AZ$595.151
CA$640.97–$794.7729
CO$633.021
CT$649.431
DC$693.461
DE$604.551
FL$604.75–$661.363
GA$572.62–$621.992
GU$654.681
HI$654.681
IA$563.571
ID$567.261
IL$589.27–$643.314
IN$570.291
KS$561.691
KY$565.151
LA$564.56–$590.542
MA$629.86–$692.122
MD$615.37–$693.463
ME$570.64–$598.662
MI$579.41–$612.442
MN$605.941
MO$555.91–$591.813
MS$550.181
MT$610.521
NC$576.121
ND$597.081
NE$566.271
NH$623.791
NJ$656.66–$687.152
NM$582.611
NV$607.171
NY$584.23–$716.635
OH$576.661
OK$563.581
OR$602.26–$651.382
PA$577.19–$634.542
PR$614.541
RI$624.771
SC$577.391
SD$595.491
TN$564.401
TX$573.69–$631.108
UT$584.741
VA$597.23–$693.462
VI$614.541
VT$595.431
WA$628.45–$705.152
WI$578.401
WV$569.031
WY$604.661

See 28288 in every payment locality

How the 28288 rate is calculated

Each of 28288’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.

How the rate is built · 28288

RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor

Office or facility?

Work5.87

5.87 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Practice expense11.73

11.73 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Malpractice0.68

0.68 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI

Adjusted RVUs

18.2800

Conversion factor

$33.4009

Medicare rate

$610.57

Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.

The exact South Dakota inputs and CMS source lines

PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv

3,170

Code
28288
Physician work
5.87
Practice expense
11.73
Malpractice
0.68

GPCI2026.csv

94

Locality
South Dakota
Physician work
1.000
Practice expense
1.000
Malpractice
0.336
Office calculation for 28288 in South Dakota
ComponentRVULocality factorAdjusted
Physician work5.87× 1.0005.8700
Practice expense11.73× 1.00011.7300
Malpractice0.68× 0.3360.2285
Total RVUs17.8285
Conversion factor× 33.4009

Office rate, South Dakota$595.49

Office: (5.87 × 1 + 11.73 × 1 + 0.68 × 0.336) × $33.4009 = $595.49

Facility: (5.87 × 1 + 5.92 × 1 + 0.68 × 0.336) × $33.4009 = $401.43

Open 28288 in the RVU calculator

Payment rules and modifiers for 28288

28288 has a 90-day global period: related visits in that window are included in the surgery payment.

CMS payment indicators · 28288

Toe bone removal, phalangeal head

RuleCMS valueWhat it means
Global period090Major surgery: the day before, the day of, and 90 days after are included.
Multiple procedures2Standard reduction: highest-valued procedure at 100%, others at 50%.
Bilateral (modifier 50)0The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply.
Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS)1Not paid (statutory restriction).
Co-surgeons (62)0Not permitted.
Team surgery (66)0Not permitted.
Professional/technical0Physician service: no professional/technical split.
Split (54/55/56)0.10/0.69/0.21Share of the payment for pre-op, the procedure itself, and post-op care.

Global surgery period · 28288

Toe bone removal, phalangeal head

90-day global period ends

Dec 30, 2026

Covers Sep 30, 2026 through Dec 30, 2026 (92 days, including the day before surgery).

Visit on Oct 31, 2026

Day 30 of the 90-day post-op period: related follow-up care is included in the surgical payment.

  • 24Unrelated E/M visit by the same physician
  • 79Unrelated procedure (starts its own global period)
  • 58Staged, more extensive, or therapy procedure that was planned
  • 78Unplanned return to the operating room for a related complication
SurgeryVisit
Sep 23, 2026Jan 10, 2027

Pre-op dayGlobal period

What modifiers do to the payment

Modifier 51 · payment effect

With and without the modifier

28288 without 51 · national office

$610.57

Toe bone removal, phalangeal head

28288-51 · Second procedure: 50%

$305.29

When this isn’t the highest-valued procedure in the session, Medicare pays 50% of its fee schedule amount (the highest is paid at 100%).

When to use modifier 51

How 28288 has changed in South Dakota

28288 · Office / nonfacility

$595.49

Effective 2026-10-01

The base rate is $24.75 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $570.74 to $595.49 (4.3%).

It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.

Base rate by release · bars start at $0 · select a bar to compare

One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.

What changed, release by release
  1. January 1, 2026

    RVU26A

    $570.74changed to$595.49

    • Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
    • Work RVU 6.02 changed to 5.87
    • Practice expense RVU 11.38 changed to 11.73
    • Malpractice RVU 0.64 changed to 0.68
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.382 changed to 0.336

    Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.

  2. January 1, 2025

    RVU25A

    $590.59changed to$570.74

    • Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
    • Practice expense RVU 11.47 changed to 11.38
    • Malpractice RVU 0.66 changed to 0.64

    Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.

  3. March 9, 2024

    RVU24AR

    $580.95changed to$590.59

    • Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875

    Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.

  4. January 1, 2024

    RVU24A

    $594.61changed to$580.95

    • Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
    • Practice expense RVU 11.29 changed to 11.47
    • Malpractice RVU 0.65 changed to 0.66
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.364 changed to 0.382
  5. January 1, 2023

    RVU23A

    $603.27changed to$594.61

    • Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
    • Practice expense RVU 11.18 changed to 11.29
    • Malpractice RVU 0.67 changed to 0.65
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.347 changed to 0.364

    Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.

  6. January 1, 2022

    RVU22A

    $615.01changed to$603.27

    • Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
    • Practice expense RVU 11.38 changed to 11.18
    • Malpractice RVU 0.65 changed to 0.67

    Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.

  7. January 1, 2021

    RVU21A

    $619.50changed to$615.01

    • Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
    • Practice expense RVU 10.91 changed to 11.38
    • Malpractice RVU 0.64 changed to 0.65
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.368 changed to 0.347

    Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.

  8. January 1, 2020

    RVU20A

    $620.42changed to$619.50

    • Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
    • Practice expense RVU 10.95 changed to 10.91
    • Malpractice RVU 0.63 changed to 0.64
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.389 changed to 0.368

    Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.

  9. January 1, 2019

    RVU19A

    $616.36changed to$620.42

    • Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
    • Practice expense RVU 10.86 changed to 10.95
    • Malpractice RVU 0.62 changed to 0.63

    Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.

  10. January 1, 2018

    RVU18AR1

    $612.44changed to$616.36

    • Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
    • Practice expense RVU 10.80 changed to 10.86
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.395 changed to 0.389

    Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.

  11. January 1, 2017

    RVU17A

    $611.61changed to$612.44

    • Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
    • Practice expense RVU 10.81 changed to 10.80
    • Malpractice RVU 0.63 changed to 0.62
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.400 changed to 0.395

    Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.

  12. January 1, 2016

    RVU16A

    $612.16changed to$611.61

    • Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
    • Practice expense RVU 10.76 changed to 10.81
    • Malpractice RVU 0.64 changed to 0.63

    Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.

  13. July 1, 2015

    RVU15C

    $609.12changed to$612.16

    • Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335

    Held through RVU15D.

  14. January 1, 2015

    RVU15A

    $607.42changed to$609.12

    • Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
    • Practice expense RVU 10.67 changed to 10.76
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.416 changed to 0.400

    Held through RVU15B.

  15. January 1, 2014

    RVU14A

    $613.42changed to$607.42

    • Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
    • Practice expense RVU 11.72 changed to 10.67
    • Malpractice RVU 0.67 changed to 0.64
    • Malpractice GPCI 0.432 changed to 0.416

    Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.

  16. January 1, 2013

    RVU13AR

    Earliest loaded release: $613.42

    Held through RVU13B, RVU13C, RVU13D.

Rates in every CMS release
Effective fromOfficeFacilityCMS release
2026-10-01$595.49$401.43RVU26D
2026-07-01$595.49$401.43RVU26C
2026-04-01$595.49$401.43RVU26B
2026-01-01$595.49$401.43RVU26A
2025-10-01$570.74$417.09RVU25D
2025-07-01$570.74$417.09RVU25C
2025-04-01$570.74$417.09RVU25B
2025-01-01$570.74$417.09RVU25A
2024-10-01$590.59$426.15RVU24D
2024-07-01$590.59$426.15RVU24C
2024-04-01$590.59$426.15RVU24B
2024-03-09$590.59$426.15RVU24AR
2024-01-01$580.95$419.20RVU24A
2023-10-01$594.61$425.17RVU23D
2023-07-01$594.61$425.17RVU23C
2023-04-01$594.61$425.17RVU23B
2023-01-01$594.61$425.17RVU23A
2022-10-01$603.27$426.78RVU22D
2022-07-01$603.27$426.78RVU22C
2022-04-01$603.27$426.78RVU22B
2022-01-01$603.27$426.78RVU22A
2021-10-01$615.01$427.29RVU21D
2021-07-01$615.01$427.29RVU21C
2021-04-01$615.01$427.29RVU21B
2021-01-01$615.01$427.29RVU21A
2020-10-01$619.50$435.08RVU20D
2020-07-01$619.50$435.08RVU20C
2020-04-01$619.50$435.08RVU20B
2020-01-01$619.50$435.08RVU20A
2019-10-01$620.42$435.17RVU19D
2019-07-01$620.42$435.17RVU19C
2019-04-01$620.42$435.17RVU19B
2019-01-01$620.42$435.17RVU19A
2018-10-01$616.36$432.04RVU18D
2018-07-01$616.36$432.04RVU18C
2018-04-01$616.36$432.04RVU18B
2018-01-01$616.36$432.04RVU18AR1
2017-10-01$612.44$429.76RVU17D
2017-07-01$612.44$429.76RVU17C
2017-04-01$612.44$429.76RVU17B
2017-01-01$612.44$429.76RVU17A
2016-10-01$611.61$429.37RVU16D
2016-07-01$611.61$429.37RVU16C
2016-04-01$611.61$429.37RVU16B
2016-01-01$611.61$429.37RVU16A
2015-10-01$612.16$429.26RVU15D
2015-07-01$612.16$429.26RVU15C
2015-04-01$609.12$427.13RVU15B
2015-01-01$609.12$427.13RVU15A
2014-10-01$607.42$427.59RVU14D
2014-07-01$607.42$427.59RVU14C
2014-04-01$607.42$427.59RVU14B
2014-01-01$607.42$427.59RVU14A
2013-10-01$613.42$424.25RVU13D
2013-07-01$613.42$424.25RVU13C
2013-04-01$613.42$424.25RVU13B
2013-01-01$613.42$424.25RVU13AR

Price 28288 for an earlier date of service

Where the South Dakota rate applies

South Dakota is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 485 cities and communities in South Dakota. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.

  • Aberdeen
  • Agar
  • Agency Village
  • Akaska
  • Albee
  • Alcester
  • Alexandria
  • Allen

Browse all communities in South Dakota

28288 billing questions

How does 28288 differ from 28124?

28288 addresses partial removal at the head of a toe phalanx. 28124 is used for partial bone excision from a toe phalanx at a different site.

Is 28288 the code for hammertoe correction?

No. 28288 reports bone removal at a toe phalanx head; 28285 reports hammertoe correction. Use the code that matches the procedure actually performed and documented.

Does the 90-day global period include postoperative visits?

Yes. Related postoperative care for 90 days and the preoperative visit on the day before surgery are included in the global period.

Can modifier 50 be used when both feet are treated?

No. CMS identifies bilateral adjustment as inappropriate for this code.

Can an assistant or co-surgeon be reported?

Medicare does not pay an assistant at surgery for 28288. Co-surgeons and team surgery are not permitted.

How are other procedures in the same session paid?

The highest-valued procedure is paid in full, and other procedures performed in the same session are subject to the standard multiple-procedure reduction.

Where these rates come from

FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.

CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027

Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
RVUs for 28288PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv, line 3,170 (RVU26D)
Geographic factors for South DakotaGPCI2026.csv, line 94 (RVU26D)

Open CMS sourceHow we calculate rates

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