CPT code 78111: Plasma volume, multiple sampling2026 Medicare rate & RVUs in Montana
Nuclear medicine measurement of circulating plasma volume using multiple blood samples, reported when serial sampling is used to assess a suspected blood-volume abnormality.
In Montana, Medicare pays $96.86 for 78111 in the office.
Check a contract rate as a % of Medicare · 78111 nationwide
Medicare allowed amount for participating (non-QP) physicians, before deductible, coinsurance and claim adjustments. Not a patient’s bill or a hospital charge.
On this page 11 sections
What 78111 covers
This study measures circulating plasma volume through tracer administration followed by collection and analysis of multiple blood samples. It may be used when a clinician needs to assess plasma-volume expansion or depletion, including in the evaluation of an apparent red-cell concentration abnormality. Nuclear medicine staff typically perform the technical work in a hospital setting, while a qualified physician interprets the study and reports the findings.
Choose this code when the plasma-volume study uses multiple samples; the single-sampling service is a different code. Documentation should identify the clinical reason for the study, the sampling approach, and the interpretation. Medicare recognizes separate professional and technical components: report modifier 26 for the interpretation, modifier TC for the equipment and staff, or neither modifier for the global service. Medicare’s 2024 claims data show facility services for this code and no office services.
This summary was written with AI assistance from CMS physician fee schedule data and checked against the CMS billing rules shown here. Rates on this page come directly from CMS files.
How Montana compares for 78111
Across 109 of 109 payment localities, the office rate for 78111 runs from $83.62 in Arkansas to $135.83 in San Benito County, CA. Montana pays $96.86. The RVUs are the same everywhere; the geographic indexes change the dollars.
- Montana · this page$96.86
- Los Angeles, CA · California$112.73+$15.87
- Washington, DC area · District of Columbia$113.13+$16.27
- Miami, FL · Florida$103.03+$6.17
- Chicago, IL · Illinois$99.52+$2.66
- Manhattan, NY · New York$112.58+$15.72
- Alaska · Alaska$105.35+$8.49
Other areas in Montana first, then benchmark localities. Bars start at $0.
Every other payment area
| Payment locality | Office | Facility |
|---|---|---|
| AlabamaAlabama | $85.12 | — |
| ArkansasArkansas | $83.62 | — |
| ArizonaArizona | $93.89 | — |
| Bakersfield, CACalifornia | $104.81 | — |
| Chico, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| El Centro, CACalifornia | $104.68 | — |
| Fresno, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Hanford, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Madera, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Merced, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Modesto, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Napa, CACalifornia | $124.52 | — |
| Oxnard, CACalifornia | $112.48 | — |
| Redding, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Rest of CaliforniaCalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Riverside, CACalifornia | $105.21 | — |
| Sacramento, CACalifornia | $110.71 | — |
| Salinas, CACalifornia | $110.33 | — |
| San Diego, CACalifornia | $113.59 | — |
| Marin County, CACalifornia | $132.78 | — |
| San Francisco, CACalifornia | $132.72 | — |
| San Benito County, CACalifornia | $135.83 | — |
| Santa Clara County, CACalifornia | $135.60 | — |
| San Luis Obispo, CACalifornia | $108.46 | — |
| Santa Cruz, CACalifornia | $115.19 | — |
| Santa Maria, CACalifornia | $110.92 | — |
| Santa Rosa, CACalifornia | $116.40 | — |
| Stockton, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Vallejo, CACalifornia | $124.44 | — |
| Visalia, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| Yuba City, CACalifornia | $104.67 | — |
| ColoradoColorado | $102.22 | — |
| ConnecticutConnecticut | $104.14 | — |
| DelawareDelaware | $95.67 | — |
| Fort Lauderdale, FLFlorida | $99.36 | — |
| Rest of FloridaFlorida | $93.82 | — |
| Atlanta, GAGeorgia | $98.63 | — |
| Rest of GeorgiaGeorgia | $87.66 | — |
| Hawaii, Guam, HIHawaii | $108.24 | — |
| IowaIowa | $88.36 | — |
| IdahoIdaho | $88.93 | — |
| East St. Louis, ILIllinois | $91.50 | — |
| Rest of IllinoisIllinois | $90.13 | — |
| Suburban Chicago, ILIllinois | $100.58 | — |
| IndianaIndiana | $89.57 | — |
| KansasKansas | $87.57 | — |
| KentuckyKentucky | $86.93 | — |
| New Orleans, LALouisiana | $91.89 | — |
| Rest of LouisianaLouisiana | $86.65 | — |
| Metropolitan Boston, MAMassachusetts | $114.07 | — |
| Rest of MassachusettsMassachusetts | $101.31 | — |
| Baltimore area, MDMaryland | $103.81 | — |
| Rest of MarylandMaryland | $97.85 | — |
| Rest of MaineMaine | $89.18 | — |
| Southern Maine, MEMaine | $95.45 | — |
| Detroit, MIMichigan | $94.92 | — |
| Rest of MichiganMichigan | $89.41 | — |
| MinnesotaMinnesota | $98.24 | — |
| Metropolitan Kansas City, MOMissouri | $91.45 | — |
| Metropolitan St. Louis, MOMissouri | $92.63 | — |
| Rest of MissouriMissouri | $84.65 | — |
| MississippiMississippi | $84.17 | — |
| North CarolinaNorth Carolina | $90.35 | — |
| North DakotaNorth Dakota | $95.87 | — |
| NebraskaNebraska | $89.03 | — |
| New HampshireNew Hampshire | $100.27 | — |
| Northern New JerseyNew Jersey | $111.53 | — |
| Rest of New JerseyNew Jersey | $105.42 | — |
| New MexicoNew Mexico | $89.88 | — |
| NevadaNevada | $96.67 | — |
| NYC suburbs and Long Island, NYNew York | $115.41 | — |
| Poughkeepsie and northern NYC suburbs, NYNew York | $105.91 | — |
| Queens, NYNew York | $114.10 | — |
| Rest of New YorkNew York | $91.96 | — |
| OhioOhio | $89.20 | — |
| OklahomaOklahoma | $87.06 | — |
| Portland, OROregon | $106.34 | — |
| Rest of OregonOregon | $96.01 | — |
| Metropolitan Philadelphia, PAPennsylvania | $100.93 | — |
| Rest of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania | $89.54 | — |
| Puerto RicoPuerto Rico | $97.81 | — |
| Rhode IslandRhode Island | $99.73 | — |
| South CarolinaSouth Carolina | $89.91 | — |
| South DakotaSouth Dakota | $95.75 | — |
| TennesseeTennessee | $88.07 | — |
| Austin, TXTexas | $101.80 | — |
| Beaumont, TXTexas | $88.81 | — |
| Brazoria, TXTexas | $95.76 | — |
| Dallas, TXTexas | $96.34 | — |
| Fort Worth, TXTexas | $95.48 | — |
| Galveston, TXTexas | $96.01 | — |
| Houston, TXTexas | $96.93 | — |
| Rest of TexasTexas | $92.20 | — |
| UtahUtah | $91.40 | — |
| VirginiaVirginia | $94.87 | — |
| Virgin Islands, VIUnited States Virgin Islands | $97.81 | — |
| VermontVermont | $95.16 | — |
| Rest of WashingtonWashington | $101.23 | — |
| King County, WAWashington | $116.92 | — |
| WisconsinWisconsin | $92.00 | — |
| West VirginiaWest Virginia | $86.03 | — |
| WyomingWyoming | $96.43 | — |
78111 rates by state
Office rate range in each state. Select a state to see its payment localities.
Explore a state
Local rates. Clear comparisons.
Hover or focus a tile to see its rate range. Select it to open the state’s fee schedule.
$83.62
$120.25
Color shows the midpoint of each state’s locality range.
View every state and territory as a table
| State / territory | Office rate range | Localities |
|---|---|---|
| AK | $105.35 | 1 |
| AL | $85.12 | 1 |
| AR | $83.62 | 1 |
| AZ | $93.89 | 1 |
| CA | $104.67–$135.83 | 29 |
| CO | $102.22 | 1 |
| CT | $104.14 | 1 |
| DC | $113.13 | 1 |
| DE | $95.67 | 1 |
| FL | $93.82–$103.03 | 3 |
| GA | $87.66–$98.63 | 2 |
| GU | $108.24 | 1 |
| HI | $108.24 | 1 |
| IA | $88.36 | 1 |
| ID | $88.93 | 1 |
| IL | $90.13–$100.58 | 4 |
| IN | $89.57 | 1 |
| KS | $87.57 | 1 |
| KY | $86.93 | 1 |
| LA | $86.65–$91.89 | 2 |
| MA | $101.31–$114.07 | 2 |
| MD | $97.85–$113.13 | 3 |
| ME | $89.18–$95.45 | 2 |
| MI | $89.41–$94.92 | 2 |
| MN | $98.24 | 1 |
| MO | $84.65–$92.63 | 3 |
| MS | $84.17 | 1 |
| MT | $96.86 | 1 |
| NC | $90.35 | 1 |
| ND | $95.87 | 1 |
| NE | $89.03 | 1 |
| NH | $100.27 | 1 |
| NJ | $105.42–$111.53 | 2 |
| NM | $89.88 | 1 |
| NV | $96.67 | 1 |
| NY | $91.96–$115.41 | 5 |
| OH | $89.20 | 1 |
| OK | $87.06 | 1 |
| OR | $96.01–$106.34 | 2 |
| PA | $89.54–$100.93 | 2 |
| PR | $97.81 | 1 |
| RI | $99.73 | 1 |
| SC | $89.91 | 1 |
| SD | $95.75 | 1 |
| TN | $88.07 | 1 |
| TX | $88.81–$101.80 | 8 |
| UT | $91.40 | 1 |
| VA | $94.87–$113.13 | 2 |
| VI | $97.81 | 1 |
| VT | $95.16 | 1 |
| WA | $101.23–$116.92 | 2 |
| WI | $92.00 | 1 |
| WV | $86.03 | 1 |
| WY | $96.43 | 1 |
How the 78111 rate is calculated
Each of 78111’s three RVUs is multiplied by a geographic index (GPCI) for the payment locality, added up, and multiplied by the conversion factor. Drag the indexes or enter a ZIP to see what moves the rate.
How the rate is built · 78111
RVUs × geographic indexes × conversion factor
Work0.21
0.21 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Practice expense2.64
2.64 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Malpractice0.05
0.05 RVUs× 1.000 GPCI
Adjusted RVUs
2.9000
Conversion factor
$33.4009
Medicare rate
$96.86
Every GPCI starts at 1.000, the national rate. Enter a ZIP or drag a slider.
The exact Montana inputs and CMS source lines
PPRRVU2026_Oct_nonQPP.csv
9,227
- Code
- 78111
- Physician work
- 0.21
- Practice expense
- 2.64
- Malpractice
- 0.05
GPCI2026.csv
71
- Locality
- Montana
- Physician work
- 1.000
- Practice expense
- 1.000
- Malpractice
- 0.998
| Component | RVU | Locality factor | Adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physician work | 0.21 | × 1.000 | 0.2100 |
| Practice expense | 2.64 | × 1.000 | 2.6400 |
| Malpractice | 0.05 | × 0.998 | 0.0499 |
| Total RVUs | 2.8999 | ||
| Conversion factor | × 33.4009 | ||
Office rate, Montana$96.86
Office: (0.21 × 1 + 2.64 × 1 + 0.05 × 0.998) × $33.4009 = $96.86
Payment rules and modifiers for 78111
The CMS indicators that decide how 78111 is paid alongside other services.
CMS payment indicators · 78111
Plasma volume, multiple sampling
| Rule | CMS value | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Global period | XXX | The global surgery concept doesn’t apply. |
| Multiple procedures | 0 | No multiple-procedure reduction. |
| Bilateral (modifier 50) | 0 | The 150% bilateral adjustment doesn’t apply. |
| Assistant at surgery (80/81/82/AS) | 0 | Not paid without supporting documentation. |
| Co-surgeons (62) | 0 | Not permitted. |
| Team surgery (66) | 0 | Not permitted. |
| Professional/technical | 1 | Diagnostic test with separate professional (26) and technical (TC) components. |
What modifiers do to the payment
Modifier 26 · payment effect
With and without the modifier
78111 without 26 · national office
$96.86
Plasma volume, multiple sampling
78111-26 · Professional component
$10.35
Pays only the interpretation and report.
How 78111 has changed in Montana
78111 · Office / nonfacility
$96.86
Effective 2026-10-01
The base rate is $7.94 higher than on 2025-10-01, moving from $88.92 to $96.86 (8.9%).
It is unchanged from the immediately preceding available release, effective 2026-07-01.
One bar per available release, ordered by effective date. Missing rates remain gaps. These comparisons hold the code, setting and locality identifiers constant; they do not isolate which policy or input caused a change.
What changed, release by release
January 1, 2026
RVU26A
$88.92changed to$96.86
- Conversion factor 32.3465 changed to 33.4009
- Work RVU 0.22 changed to 0.21
- Practice expense RVU 2.48 changed to 2.64
- Malpractice GPCI 0.978 changed to 0.998
Held through RVU26B, RVU26C, RVU26D.
January 1, 2025
RVU25A
$72.86changed to$88.92
- Conversion factor 33.2875 changed to 32.3465
- Practice expense RVU 1.92 changed to 2.48
Held through RVU25B, RVU25C, RVU25D.
March 9, 2024
RVU24AR
$71.67changed to$72.86
- Conversion factor 32.7442 changed to 33.2875
Held through RVU24B, RVU24C, RVU24D.
January 1, 2024
RVU24A
$74.18changed to$71.67
- Conversion factor 33.8872 changed to 32.7442
January 1, 2023
RVU23A
$76.09changed to$74.18
- Conversion factor 34.6062 changed to 33.8872
- Practice expense RVU 1.93 changed to 1.92
- Malpractice GPCI 0.977 changed to 0.978
Held through RVU23B, RVU23C, RVU23D.
January 1, 2022
RVU22A
$76.38changed to$76.09
- Conversion factor 34.8931 changed to 34.6062
- Practice expense RVU 1.92 changed to 1.93
Held through RVU22B, RVU22C, RVU22D.
January 1, 2021
RVU21A
$76.59changed to$76.38
- Conversion factor 36.0896 changed to 34.8931
- Practice expense RVU 1.85 changed to 1.92
- Malpractice RVU 0.04 changed to 0.05
- Malpractice GPCI 1.304 changed to 0.977
Held through RVU21B, RVU21C, RVU21D.
January 1, 2020
RVU20A
$76.95changed to$76.59
- Conversion factor 36.0391 changed to 36.0896
- Malpractice GPCI 1.631 changed to 1.304
Held through RVU20B, RVU20C, RVU20D.
January 1, 2019
RVU19A
$82.63changed to$76.95
- Conversion factor 35.9996 changed to 36.0391
- Practice expense RVU 2.01 changed to 1.85
Held through RVU19B, RVU19C, RVU19D.
January 1, 2018
RVU18AR1
$100.39changed to$82.63
- Conversion factor 35.8887 changed to 35.9996
- Practice expense RVU 2.52 changed to 2.01
- Malpractice GPCI 1.429 changed to 1.631
Held through RVU18B, RVU18C, RVU18D.
January 1, 2017
RVU17A
$100.58changed to$100.39
- Conversion factor 35.8043 changed to 35.8887
- Practice expense RVU 2.54 changed to 2.52
- Malpractice GPCI 1.226 changed to 1.429
Held through RVU17B, RVU17C, RVU17D.
January 1, 2016
RVU16A
$100.50changed to$100.58
- Conversion factor 35.9335 changed to 35.8043
- Malpractice RVU 0.03 changed to 0.04
Held through RVU16B, RVU16C, RVU16D.
July 1, 2015
RVU15C
$100.00changed to$100.50
- Conversion factor 35.7547 changed to 35.9335
Held through RVU15D.
January 1, 2015
RVU15A
$100.90changed to$100.00
- Conversion factor 35.8228 changed to 35.7547
- Practice expense RVU 2.55 changed to 2.54
- Malpractice RVU 0.04 changed to 0.03
- Malpractice GPCI 1.165 changed to 1.226
Held through RVU15B.
January 1, 2014
RVU14A
$86.90changed to$100.90
- Conversion factor 34.0230 changed to 35.8228
- Practice expense RVU 2.29 changed to 2.55
- Malpractice GPCI 1.103 changed to 1.165
Held through RVU14B, RVU14C, RVU14D.
January 1, 2013
RVU13AR
Earliest loaded release: $86.90
Held through RVU13B, RVU13C, RVU13D.
| Effective from | Office | Facility | CMS release |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-01 | $96.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU26D |
| 2026-07-01 | $96.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU26C |
| 2026-04-01 | $96.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU26B |
| 2026-01-01 | $96.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU26A |
| 2025-10-01 | $88.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU25D |
| 2025-07-01 | $88.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU25C |
| 2025-04-01 | $88.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU25B |
| 2025-01-01 | $88.92 | Not available in this setting | RVU25A |
| 2024-10-01 | $72.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU24D |
| 2024-07-01 | $72.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU24C |
| 2024-04-01 | $72.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU24B |
| 2024-03-09 | $72.86 | Not available in this setting | RVU24AR |
| 2024-01-01 | $71.67 | Not available in this setting | RVU24A |
| 2023-10-01 | $74.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU23D |
| 2023-07-01 | $74.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU23C |
| 2023-04-01 | $74.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU23B |
| 2023-01-01 | $74.18 | Not available in this setting | RVU23A |
| 2022-10-01 | $76.09 | Not available in this setting | RVU22D |
| 2022-07-01 | $76.09 | Not available in this setting | RVU22C |
| 2022-04-01 | $76.09 | Not available in this setting | RVU22B |
| 2022-01-01 | $76.09 | Not available in this setting | RVU22A |
| 2021-10-01 | $76.38 | Not available in this setting | RVU21D |
| 2021-07-01 | $76.38 | Not available in this setting | RVU21C |
| 2021-04-01 | $76.38 | Not available in this setting | RVU21B |
| 2021-01-01 | $76.38 | Not available in this setting | RVU21A |
| 2020-10-01 | $76.59 | Not available in this setting | RVU20D |
| 2020-07-01 | $76.59 | Not available in this setting | RVU20C |
| 2020-04-01 | $76.59 | Not available in this setting | RVU20B |
| 2020-01-01 | $76.59 | Not available in this setting | RVU20A |
| 2019-10-01 | $76.95 | Not available in this setting | RVU19D |
| 2019-07-01 | $76.95 | Not available in this setting | RVU19C |
| 2019-04-01 | $76.95 | Not available in this setting | RVU19B |
| 2019-01-01 | $76.95 | Not available in this setting | RVU19A |
| 2018-10-01 | $82.63 | Not available in this setting | RVU18D |
| 2018-07-01 | $82.63 | Not available in this setting | RVU18C |
| 2018-04-01 | $82.63 | Not available in this setting | RVU18B |
| 2018-01-01 | $82.63 | Not available in this setting | RVU18AR1 |
| 2017-10-01 | $100.39 | Not available in this setting | RVU17D |
| 2017-07-01 | $100.39 | Not available in this setting | RVU17C |
| 2017-04-01 | $100.39 | Not available in this setting | RVU17B |
| 2017-01-01 | $100.39 | Not available in this setting | RVU17A |
| 2016-10-01 | $100.58 | Not available in this setting | RVU16D |
| 2016-07-01 | $100.58 | Not available in this setting | RVU16C |
| 2016-04-01 | $100.58 | Not available in this setting | RVU16B |
| 2016-01-01 | $100.58 | Not available in this setting | RVU16A |
| 2015-10-01 | $100.50 | Not available in this setting | RVU15D |
| 2015-07-01 | $100.50 | Not available in this setting | RVU15C |
| 2015-04-01 | $100.00 | Not available in this setting | RVU15B |
| 2015-01-01 | $100.00 | Not available in this setting | RVU15A |
| 2014-10-01 | $100.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU14D |
| 2014-07-01 | $100.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU14C |
| 2014-04-01 | $100.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU14B |
| 2014-01-01 | $100.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU14A |
| 2013-10-01 | $86.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU13D |
| 2013-07-01 | $86.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU13C |
| 2013-04-01 | $86.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU13B |
| 2013-01-01 | $86.90 | Not available in this setting | RVU13AR |
Where the Montana rate applies
Montana is a Medicare payment area, not a city. Our Census mapping connects it to 497 cities and communities in Montana. Some span more than one payment area; confirm with the service ZIP.
- Absarokee
- Acton
- Alberton
- Alder
- Alzada
- Amsterdam
- Anaconda-Deer Lodge County
- Antelope
78111 billing questions
How does this differ from the single-sampling plasma-volume code?
Report 78111 when the study uses multiple blood samples. Use 78110 when the plasma-volume determination uses a single sample.
Which modifier identifies the physician interpretation?
Use modifier 26 for the professional component, which represents interpretation. Modifier TC identifies the technical component.
Can the technical and professional components be billed separately?
Yes. The physician or other billing entity may report the applicable component with modifier 26 or TC; billing without either modifier represents the global service.
What documentation supports reporting the multiple-sample service?
The record should support the clinical reason for measuring plasma volume, document that multiple samples were used, and include the interpretation when the professional component is billed.
How does this differ from a whole blood volume determination?
78111 measures plasma volume using multiple samples. 78122 is used when the requested study determines whole blood volume rather than plasma volume alone.
Where these rates come from
FeeBase calculates base physician payments from CMS work, practice-expense and malpractice RVUs, adjusted by each locality’s geographic indexes and the conversion factor. Services without a published rate are labeled, never given a made-up amount. Amounts are Medicare allowed amounts before claim adjustments: not a patient’s bill or a commercial rate.
CMS RVU26D · effective Oct 1, 2026 through the day before Jan 1, 2027
Show the CMS file lines behind this rate
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